4.5 Leadership

1. 4.5 Leadership What makes a good leader? What types of leader and leadership exist? Why does a leader need to be adaptable?

2. What makes an effective leader? Certain qualities will be expected of a good leader… • Good communication skills • Effective decision making • Enthusiastic • Knowledgeable • Empathetic • Clear goals • Charisa • Motivational • Organised • Confident

3. Effective Leadership No one form will always be most effective • Need to chose the best style for those circumstances Situational factors • Are they dealing with a team or individual? • What is the size of the team? • How much time is available? • Is the activity interactive or coactive? Leader’s tend to be chosen in one of two ways… • Pre-scribed • Usually appointed by someone in authority • Can bring in new ideas but will affect group dynamics • Emergent • Simply emerge from group and take charge • Can be more effective due to respect and support of teammates • Thought to be good for harmony but not always going to bring in new ideas

4. Fielder’s contingency model Task orientated (Autocratic) • Focuses on what needs to be done Person orientated (Democratic) • Focuses on positive social relationships Clear discipline, leader highly respected, Good relationships, High ability group, motivation is high, task is clear, excellent physical resources Friendly relationships with group, limited external support, moderate motivation levels, no definitive task-orientated outcome, limited physical resources Poor relationship with group, authority questioned, low-ability group, poor motivation, no discipline structure, complex task, poor physical resources

5. Leadership styles

6. Leadership in Sport Effective leadership can and will vary depending on characteristics and constraints. Sporting leaders need to be adaptable and can be seen on the Leadership scale for sport… Training and instruction behaviour (Often) • Structured approach to training • Shows improvements by emphasising effort and technical instruction Democratic behaviour (Occasionally) • Involves group in decision making about goals and tactics Autocratic behaviour (Seldom/Rarely) • Emphasis own authority by making decisions Social support behaviour (Occasionally) • Concerned with the wellbeing, emphasising group atmosphere Rewarding behaviour (Often) • Emphasis and reinforces good behaviour through positive reinforcement General rules Novices prefer more extrinsic feedback and expect more democratic and social support Individual sportsmen prefer democratic and social support Team prefer training and instruction through autocratic Females prefer democratic whereas males prefer autocratic Old performers prefer democratic with social support Everyone values rewards

7. Chelladurai’s model of leadership Situational characteristics Prescribed behaviour Preferred behaviour • Preferences of the group members of specific leader behaviour • Many factors affect such as age, gender skill level, experience etc. Required behaviour • Expectations on the coach • Emphasis on skill development through hard work and positive reinforcement Actual behaviour • Behaviour actually shown by the leader • Often governed by a combination of group preferences and situational factors If the leader shows the right behaviour for the situation and that matches a group’s preference it should mean success and satisfaction Athlete performance Leader characteristics Actual behaviour Athlete satisfaction Team member characteristics Preferred behaviour