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이 병 주 포항공과대학교 신소재공학과 calphad@postech.ac.kr

이 병 주 포항공과대학교 신소재공학과 calphad@postech.ac.kr. Thermodynamics. Thermodynamic Criterions, Functions and Relations. New Thermodynamic Functions – Reason for the necessity. ※ Further development of Classical Thermodynamics results from the fact

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이 병 주 포항공과대학교 신소재공학과 calphad@postech.ac.kr

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  1. 이 병 주 포항공과대학교 신소재공학과 calphad@postech.ac.kr Thermodynamics Thermodynamic Criterions, Functions and Relations

  2. New Thermodynamic Functions – Reason for the necessity ※ Further development of Classical Thermodynamics results from the fact that S and V are an inconvenient pair of independent variables. + need to include composition variables in any equation of state and in any criterion of equilibrium + need to deal with non P-V work (e.g., electric work performed by a galvanic cell) dU = TdS - PdV S, V는 control이 쉽지 않은 변수. 따라서 control이 쉬운 변수를 택하고 그때 평형을 가늠할 수 있는 척도 (새로운 state function)를 개발할 필요. → F, G

  3. dF ≡ dU – TdS – SdT For a reversible process dF = [TdS – PdV – δw’] – TdS – SdT = – SdT – PdV – δw’ dFT = –PdV – δw’ = –δwT.Total ▷ Constant T조건에서 system이 상태를 변화해 가면서 할 수 있는 최대 work은 -ΔF. For a irreversible isothermal process △FT = [q – w] – T△S T△S = q + T△Sirr w = P△V + w’ = w’ For constant V △FT,V + w’ + T△Sirr = 0 ▷ 최대의 일을 하지 못한다면 이는 ΔSirr의 발생 때문. Constant T, V조건일 때 평형은 system의 maximum (w’+ ΔSirr) 또는 system의 minimum F에서 얻어짐. Helmholtz Free Energy - Work Function, F ≡ U – ST

  4. Helmhomlz Free Energy - Example Equilibrium between condensed phase and gas phase. Use Helmholtz Free Energy Criterion to determine equilibrium amount of gaseous phase at a given temperature, and how it changes with changing temperature

  5. dG ≡ dU + PdV + VdP – TdS – SdT For a reversible process dG = [TdS – PdV – δw’] + PdV + VdP – TdS – SdT = – SdT + VdP – δw’ dGT,P = – δw’ ▷ Constant T, P조건에서 system이 상태를 변화해 가면서 할 수 있는 최대 non-PV work은 -ΔG. For a irreversible isothermal process △GT,P = [q – w] + P△V – T△S T△S = q + T△Sirr w = P△V + w’ △GT,P + w’ + T△Sirr = 0 ▷ 최대의 일을 하지 못한다면 이는 ΔSirr의 발생 때문. Constant T, P조건일 때 평형은 system의 maximum (w’+ΔSirr) 또는 system의 minimum G에서 얻어짐. Gibbs Free Energy - Gibbs Function, G ≡ U + PV – ST

  6. Thermodynamic Relations - For a closed system dU = TdS – PdV dH = TdS + VdP dF = –SdT – PdV dG = –SdT + VdP

  7. Thermodynamic Relations - For a multicomponent system ▷ ▷ Chemical Potential is the chemical work done by the system

  8. Thermodynamic Relations

  9. Thermodynamic Relations - Maxwell Relation

  10. Thermodynamic Relations - Transformation Formula For an incremental change of state at constant x

  11. Thermodynamic Relations - Application ▷ Heat capacity equation ▷ Gibbs-Helmholtz equation

  12. Thermodynamic Relations • Gibbs Free Energy, Helmholtz Free Energy에서 • “Free” 라는 단어의 의미는 무엇일까? • 수 많은 thermodynamic relation들이 존재한다. • 그 relation들의 중요성은 무엇일까? • Gibbs-Helmholtz equation을 어떻게 활용할 수 있는지 • 용도를 조사하시오.

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