Growth and Expansion

1. Growth and Expansion

3. AMERICAN SYSTEM • Population shift because of westward expansion • The Land Act of 1820 authorized a person to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash • This helped unite the country as well as improve the economy and the infant industry. • Because of the British blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for internal transportation improvements.

4. AMERICAN SYSTEM Henry Clay’s Bright Idea Congress’s attempt to unite the US • Build a National transportation system • 1800 to 1850: Roads, canals and rivers are the first major forms of transportation Henry Clay, Congressmen from Kentucky

5. Cumberland (National Road), 1811 • Bad roads made transportation highly unreliable • The National Road was built in 1811 and completed by 1832 • Connected Maryland to Illinois. • Built by US government

6. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

7. Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

9. Clipper ships • “Greyhounds of the Sea” • Faster & sleeker than other ships

10. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RRBy 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

11. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont

13. Navigable rivers and the steamboat - The first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.

14. Erie Canal System * Erie Canal started in 1817 and completed in 1825 NY Governor DeWitt Clinton built the Erie Canal Connected New York City from Hudson River with the Great Lakes and the West - Clinton’s Big Ditch--------Other canals followed

15. The Erie Canal was a huge economic success! Indeed, the Canal… • Opened the northwest to new markets and people, thus stimulating a national market economy. • Linked the west with the east, thereby changing the primary transportation axis from north to south to east to west. • Created canal towns that offered a wide range of economic activities and welcomed business entrepreneurs. • Contributed to the pace of technological innovation, especially through the sharp rise of patents along the Canal route. • Transformed New York City into the Empire State. • Provided a viable model for a successfully financed and operated public works project.

16. Principal Canals in 1840

18. TheRailroadRevolution,1850s • Immigrant laborbuilt the No. RRs. • Slave laborbuilt the So. RRs.

19. Pioneer Railroad Promoters • 1800 to 1850: Roads, canals, navigable rivers with steamboats were the main modes of transportation. • 1850 to 1860, railroads started to become the major method of transporting goods • At first there was competition between Railroads and Canals • Obstacles • opposition from canal backers • danger of fire • poor brakes • difference in track gauge meant changing trains

21. Map rr

22. Effects of the Transportation Revolution • Attraction of many large capital investments and encouraged risk taking in the US economy • People moved faster and country expanded • Unifying spirit among fellow country men • A need for a transcontinental railroad that connected east to west (1869)

23. Reasons for Westward Movement Population shift from the east to the West Acquisition of Native Americans’ lands Land easy to obtain Economic pressures Improved transportation Immigration

24. New Inventions: "Yankee Ingenuity"

25. Resourcefulness & Experimentation • Americans were willing to try anything. • They were first copiers, theninnovators. 1800  41 patents were approved. 1860 4,357 “ “ “

26. 1825The Erie Canal connects the East to the regions west of the Appalachians. 1832Chief Black Hawk leads Sauk in rebellion against the United States. 1836Sam Houston is elected president of the Republic of Texas. 1837John Deere invents the steel plow. 1844Samuel F.B. Morse sends first long distance telegraph message. 1847Brigham Young and the Mormons found Salt Lake City. 1848Gold is discovered in California.Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends U.S. war with Mexico. CHAPTER Time Line 9 The United States

27. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

29. OliverEvans First automated flour mill First prototype of the locomotive

30. John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

31. Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

32. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

33. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

34. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840sSewing Machine

35. 1839 Goodyear develops vulcanized rubber. 1825 Erie Canal opens. 1846 Howe patents sewing machine. 1825 1850 1837 Deere invents steel plow. 1844 Morse sends first telegraph message. SECTION 1 The Market Revolution HOME 1 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What are some of the important innovations in transportation, communication, and manufacturing during the early 19th century.

36. During the 1830s and 1840s, transportation and communication linked the country more than ever before. How did these advances affect ordinary Americans? Think about: The new types of transportation Changes in communication

37. The “American Dream” • They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise. A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed: Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

38. The Northern Industrial "Juggernaut"

39. Creating a Business-Friendly Climate Supreme Court Rulings:*Fletcher v. Peck (1810)*Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819)*McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)*Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)*Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1835) General Incorporation Law  passed in New York, 1848. Laissez faire  BUT, govt. did much to assist capitalism!

40. Distribution of Wealth • During the American Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 10% ofthe population. • 1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. • 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. • The gap between rich and poor was widening!

42. Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”) • Brought British textile technology to America

44. The Lowell Mills Industry, Labor, and Culture 1823-1860

45. Lowell in 1850

46. Lowell Mill

47. Early Textile Mill Loom Floor

48. Early Textile Loom

49. Rising power of industry Water power from the Merrimack River made Lowell a prime site for the building of woolen and cotton mills. The Merrimack Manufacturing Mill was operating by 1823.

50. Lowell Girls The early needs for laborers at the mills were met by employing young women, primarily the daughters of New England farmers. These workers, pictured in drawings from the 1820s-40s, and in photographs by the 1850s, were among the first concentrations of women in American industry.