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FC.126 THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I (1870-1914)

Serbian nationalist murders heir to Hapsburg throne. Ger. activates Schlieffen Plan to avoid 2-front war by knocking out Fr. before Rus. can mobilize . Russia, as a dipl. move to show it is serious, mobilizes its army. Nationalist rivalries:. New Balkan states vs. Hapsburgs & each other.

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FC.126 THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I (1870-1914)

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  1. Serbian nationalist murders heir to Hapsburg throne Ger. activates Schlieffen Plan to avoid 2-front war by knocking out Fr. before Rus. can mobilize Russia, as a dipl. move to show it is serious, mobilizes its army Nationalist rivalries: New Balkan states vs. Hapsburgs & each other France vs. Germany Hapsburgs vs Russia War b/w any 2 powers drags all others in Two rival alliances of Eur. powers Mutual fear of each others’ milit. strength All raise milit. spending Drains econ’s Competition for mkts & colonies Fewer mkts & colonies to exploit Military/diplomatic rivalries: Politicians blame other nations Ger. declares war on Fr. as well as Russia & invades neutral Belgium to get to Fr. Ind. Rev faster milit. mobiliz. in Fr than Rus Ger’s geog. pos. b/w hostile Fr. & Russia Protective tariffs ruin trade & econ. Ger. assures Austria of its total support vs. Russia Britain declares war on Germany Rising international tensions Austria blames Serbia Harsh ultimatum Combination of the two main driving forces of 1800s: Economic rivalries: Rising international tensions FC.126 THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I (1870-1914) Fr. Rev Nat’lism (FC.105) Spread of Ind. Rev. (FC.116) Serbia unable to comply Gets Russian support Eur’s colonies also get drawn in, making it a global war (FC.127)
  2. FC.127 THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914-1918) Censor info to maintain morale Russia suffers disastrous defeats vs. Germany Ger’s use troops freed from E. front for 1 last offensive before US troops arrive Nearly succeeds, but wears out Ger. army Allied offensive drives Ger’s steadily back until Germany asks for ceasefire (11/11/1918) Look for victories on other fronts: Italy, Turkey, Asia, & Africa Naval blockade slowly starves Germany Ger’s allies weakening & near collapse New weapons (subs, tanks, flamethrowers, & planes) to try to break stalemate in W. Ltd success of tanks & planes vs. trenches Ger. sub. raids  US declares war (1917) Gov’ts control mater. resources: Pressure on Gen’ls for quick victory Hopeless frontal assaults VICIOUS CYCLE OF STALEMATE ON W. FRONT News-papers & posters Draft Women in factories Factories & what they make Raw mat’s & scientif. research Rapid milit. changes Gen’ls can’t or won’t adapt Daily papers  Public impatient for quick victory Pop. growth & mech. prod Millions more men for army Modern artillery & machine gun  Massed firepower Continuous Front b/w Alps & N. Sea  Can’t outflank it Gov’ts control human resources: Misinformed public Ind. Rev Fast tech change (FC.117) Russ. Rev. (1917) Rus. drops out of WWI (FC.130) Treaty Of Versailles further destabilizes Europe (FC.128)
  3. Tr. of Versailles Expensive Eur’s sell off many colon. assets (e.g., RR’s, mines & plantations Commun. ideas spread to China & other non-West. nations wanting indep. Uneasy alliance of Comm. Russia, Br., & U.S. vs. Ger. Ger. loses land, $, resources, & most of its army Germany must take full blame for World War I Ottoman & Haps. Emp’s broken up High cost of war Econ. & polit. instability & bitterness in Ger. Huge loans  U.S. center of world economy Eur’s lose consumer markets to the United States E. Eur. broken into many small & unstable nations Disunity of Germany’s former enemies (Br., Fr., & Rus.) Eur’s overdependence on US  unstable econ Weakens Eur Col’s win ind. after WWII Arabs under Br. & Fr. mandates instead of ind. as promised by allies in WWI Anti-Semitism & Holocaust  Jews est. Israel (1948) FC.128 THE RESULTS OF WORLD WAR I World War I (FC.127) Africa (FC.(151) S Asia (FC.140A) Rev. Rus. hostile to the West (FC.130) Great Depression in 1930s (FC.132) Rise of Hitler & the Nazis (FC.134) Hitler exploits E. Eur. instability & disunity of Germany’s former enemies (FC.135) World War II (FC.136) Old tensions resurface after WWII (FC.138)
  4. It’s difficult to comprehend how insane some people can be, Especially when you’re insane. www.despair.com
  5. FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Duma (parliament)Gets gradually stripped of power Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Rev. of 1905  Forces reforms from Tsar Nicholas II: Economic reformsMany peasants get own lands Growing gap b/w econ. & polit. progress, aggravated by Rus’s defeat in WWI Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125) World War I (FC.127) World War I (FC.127) Russian Revolution (FC.130)
  6. FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Rev. of 1905  Forces reforms from Tsar Nicholas II: Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Growing gap b/w econ. & polit. progress, aggravated by Rus’s defeat in WWI Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125) World War I (FC.127) World War I (FC.127) Russian Revolution (FC.130)
  7. FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Rev. of 1905  Forces reforms from Tsar Nicholas II: Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Growing gap b/w econ. & polit. progress, aggravated by Rus’s defeat in WWI Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125) World War I (FC.127) World War I (FC.127) Russian Revolution (FC.130)
  8. FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia’s geography and its effects?
  9. FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92)
  10. FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Impact on Russian tech., govt., & social institutions?
  11. FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up What does it do? Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92)
  12. FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up What happens? Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92)
  13. FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Fate of Reforms? Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92)
  14. FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Who was first to try? Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92)
  15. FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Who was next to try? Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92)
  16. FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Who tried it next? Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92)
  17. FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92)
  18. Peasants listen to the reading of the Tsar’s emancipation decree in 1861. Any good intentions were wiped out by the provision that peasants had to compensate the nobles for lost labor, keeping them virtually enserfed to their old lords.
  19. FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) New ideology?
  20. FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115)
  21. An early attempt to create an enlightened proletariat was a movement known as “Going to the People”, whereby socialists went out into the countryside to educate peasants about the joys and merits of a socialist society. However, many peasants, fearing this was a trick by the Tsar’s secret police, the Okhrana, to lure radicals into the open so they could arrest them, would often turn in the socialists to the authorities to protect themselves. Below: The Tsar’s secret police confiscate a radical printing press
  22. Disillusioned and on the run, socialist groups went underground, sometimes literally, to avoid notice by the Tsar’s agents. In addition to secretly printing seditious literature they were constantly playing cat-and-mouse games with the authorities, carrying documents in trunks with false bottoms and writing the real messages in milk between the lines of more innocuous letters, the recipients reading the real messages by holding the letters up to a candle. More radical socialists (aka Marxists) turned to drastic, and even violent, tactics to gain publicity and stir up support for their cause, successfully assassinating Tsar Alexander II with a bomb in 1881 (below).
  23. According to the terms of Alexander II’s emancipation of the serfs in 1861, they still had to make yearly reparations to nobles, leaving them little better off than before. Therefore, when industrialization started in Russia in the 1890s, it triggered a massive flight from farms to jobs in the cities, although workers still had to labor fifteen hours a day in the factories and in eighteen hour shifts in the mines. Below: a meeting of a secret society of socialists in the late 1800s
  24. Many or most of these workers were seasonal migrants (below), working part of the year on their country farms and migrating to work in the factories and mines the rest of the year. As a result, they came into contact with educated workers who taught them about Marxism. Thus Lenin’s assumption that there weren’t enough urban proletariat familiar with Marxist doctrine to carry out a revolution may not have been so true.
  25. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Bolshevik means? Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115)
  26. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Menshevik means? Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115)
  27. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115)
  28. FC. 115 THE MARXIST VIEW OF HISTORY & ITS IMPACT Transitional govt. that will eventually evolve into ideal socialist society: No private property Slave society w/more conflict b/w slave & master as wealth increases Feudal soc. w/conflict b/w serf & lord Primitive society w/o any excess wealth  no class conflicts Some owners survive while others don’t  Increasingly smaller class of owners who individually are much richer To stay competitive, they invest in more efficient, but expensive machinery  Must layoff workers No social classes or conflicts No need for govt., family, or religion Marxism successful in some ways but not in others: MARX SEES HISTORY AS EVOLVING THROUGH A SERIES OF ECONOMIC STAGES CHARACTERIZED BY CLASS STRUGGLES: Pointed out the role of economics & class struggle in history Marxist rev’s happened in pre-indus., not ind. soc’s Caused many govt. reforms both for & vs. Marxism Indiv. genius, greed, stupidity, etc. not accounted for Growing class of poor unable to support themselves or capitalist econ  Workers’ rev. overthrows capitalism. Capitalist society conflict between owners & workers Owners charge more for their goods than they paid Ind. Rev. Social problems (FC.113) Ind. Rev.Social problems (FC.113) Marx’s 5 stages of historyBolsh’s working for?
  29. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) - Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115)
  30. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) - Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115)
  31. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) - Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants - Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115)
  32. A village mir which made decisions for the community as a whole
  33. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) - Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants - Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115)
  34. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) - Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants - Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) - Seasonal labor in towns FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115)
  35. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) - Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants - Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) - Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties w/working class FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115)
  36. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) - Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants - Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) - Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties w/working class FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115)
  37. The Industrial revolution didn’t really come to Russia until the 1890s
  38. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) - Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants - Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) - Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties w/working class FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115)
  39. How the other half (actually 1%) lived
  40. Nicholas II’s coronation as Tsar in 1896
  41. The Khodynka Tragedy (May 18, 1896). After Tsar Nicholas’ formal coronation in 1894, there were rumors of a free banquet scheduled for the common people where everyone would receive a bread roll, a piece of sausage, pretzels, gingerbread, and a mug). In anticipation of the handout, a huge crowd (one estimate said 500,000 people) gathered early in Khodynka field in Moscow. Unfortunately, another rumor spread that there wasn’t enough beer for everyone, starting a stampede that trampled 1,389 people to death. Video of the disaster: http://riowang.blogspot.com/2010/05/last-coronation.html
  42. Nicholas thought it would seem insensitive to attend a festive ball held for him at the French embassy that night, but his brothers convinced him otherwise, saying not attending would insult the French, whose alliance the Russians were courting. The Khodynkaincident and Nicholas’ decision to attend the ball raised a lot of anger among the public and even predictions of his imminent downfall. Below: Coronation beaker, also known as the “cup of sorrows”, although the ones handed out to the crowds were probably not so fancy.
  43. “RULE OF THUMB” A popular Russian urban legend (i.e., a story that isn’t true but we wish it were) concerns the route for the railroad between Moscow and St. Petersburg. Completed in 1851 (with the usual heavy loss of life plaguing nearly any event in Russian history), it ran straight as an arrow except for an eleven-mile (17 km.) bend. This bend gave rise to the story that the tsar, Nicholas I, planned the route by using a straight edge to draw a straight line on a map between the two cities, but inadvertently drew a bend around his thumb or finger that was holding down the straight edge. Since no one dared point out this mistake or defy the tsar’s wishes, they built the railroad with the bend in it. If only it were true. In reality, the bend was done to circumvent a steep gradient that early locomotives had trouble dealing with. Locomotives on the way up the gradient toward Moscow needed up to four other locomotives to ascend it. Conversely, those going down built up so much speed they couldn’t stop at the next station.
  44. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) - Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties w/working class FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) War with whom and result? Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115)
  45. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) - Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties w/working class FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125)
  46. Left: Japanese cartoon portraying Russia as an octopus grabbing everything with its tentacles Below: A Russian cartoon showing Russia’s expectations of a quick and easy victory over the “inferior” Japanese. Reality proved radically different and disappointing for the Russians.
  47. The first blow in the war between Japan and Russia was a surprise attack that destroyed the Russian Pacific Fleet at Port Arthur. This forced Russia to bring its Baltic fleet all the way around Europe, Africa, and Asia to the Pacific….
  48. …only to be destroyed in one of history’s most decisive naval battles at Tsushima Strait (6/27/1905.
  49. However, that was hardly the end of it, as the war shifted to a land struggle. Despite Japan’s early and easy naval victories, the fighting now boiled down to a bloody and prolonged war of trenches, barbed wire and attrition that seemed to predict the fighting of the first World War, if anyone was listening. Unfortunately, few were.
  50. Bloody battles such as this one at Liao-Yang (8/26-9/4/1904) and fighting through barbed wire gave a preview of the miseries & high cost of modern war for those who would listen. Few did.
  51. Also hampering Russian efforts was the existence of only one thin rail line for moving all their men and equipment thousands of miles across Siberia.
  52. The battle of Mukden in 1905 was fought along a 100 mile front, costing the Russians 61,000 men and Japan 41,000, losses that almost forced Japan out of the war. However, the loss of both its fleets and the staggering effort of fighting a war thousands of miles to the east led to the government in St. Petersburg giving up first.
  53. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) - Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties w/working class FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Immediate result of defeat? Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125)
  54. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) - Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties w/working class Rev. of 1905 FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Reforms to help Russia catch up Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Conservative backlash vs. reforms Russia falls further behind the West Reform movement gets wrecked Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rev. of 1905  Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125)
  55. Father Gapon, who led the peaceful demonstration in St. Petersburg that resulted in the massacre known as Bloody Sunday
  56. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) - Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties w/working class Rev. of 1905 -Peaceful demo FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Rev. of 1905  Russia falls further behind the West Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reform movement gets wrecked Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reforms to help Russia catch up Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125)
  57. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) - Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties w/working class Rev. of 1905 -Peaceful demo (1/9/1905) Troops fire on crowd FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Reforms to help Russia catch up Rev. of 1905  Reform movement gets wrecked Conservative backlash vs. reforms Russia falls further behind the West Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125)
  58. The Bloody Sunday massacre which started as a peaceful demonstration (1/9/1905)
  59. Two views of the Bloody Sunday massacre (1/9/1905)
  60. Left: Protestors man the barricades during the Revolution of 1905 Below: A scene from Sergei Eisenstein’s movie, Battleship Potemkin where the Tsar’s troops massacre a crowd of protestors
  61. Left: A demonstration during the Revolution of 1905 Below: Workers in Odessa celebrating the apparent success of the revolution.
  62. When officers on the battleship Potemkin proposed shooting sailors who refused to eat spoiled meat, the sailors threw them overboard & joined the revolution in June, 1905. For a while it was feared the entire Black Sea fleet would revolt.
  63. Marxists=Bolsheviks - Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) - Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties w/working class Rev. of 1905 -Peaceful demo Troops fire on crowd RevSpreads FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Reforms to help Russia catch up Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Rev. of 1905  Conservative backlash vs. reforms Russia falls further behind the West Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Reform movement gets wrecked Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) How did govt. deal with it? Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125)
  64. Marxists=Bolsheviks -Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) - Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties w/working class Rev. of 1905 -Peaceful demo Troops fire on crowd RevSpreads Tsar’s Oct. Manifesto & pogroms vs. Jews FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Reforms to help Russia catch up Rev. of 1905  Forces reforms from Tsar Nicholas II: Reform movement gets wrecked Conservative backlash vs. reforms Russia falls further behind the West Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125)
  65. Left: Members of the Reactionary "Union of the Russian Nation" (AKA the "Black Hundreds") who carried out pogroms against Russian Jews in the name of the Tsar. Below: Some of their victims
  66. Marxists=Bolsheviks -Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) - Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties w/working class Rev. of 1905 -Peaceful demo Troops fire on crowd RevSpreads Tsar’s Oct. Manifesto & pogroms vs. Jews FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Reforms to help Russia catch up Rev. of 1905  Forces reforms from Tsar Nicholas II: Reform movement gets wrecked Conservative backlash vs. reforms Russia falls further behind the West Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125) What did these measures accomplish?
  67. Marxists=Bolsheviks -Bolshevik (majority) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist.Bolsh’s working for Rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) - Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties w/working class Rev. of 1905 -Peaceful demo Troops fire on crowd RevSpreads Tsar’s Oct. Manifesto & pogroms vs. Jews Split Lib’s & radicals FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Russia falls further behind the West Reforms to help Russia catch up Rev. of 1905  Forces reforms from Tsar Nicholas II: Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125) Govt. reform or concession?
  68. Marxists=Bolsheviks -Bolshevik (“majority”) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist. Bolsh’s working for rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) -Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties with work. Cl. Rev. of 1905 -Peaceful demo Troops fire on crowd RevSpreads Tsar’s Oct. Manifesto & pogroms vs. Jews Split Lib’s & radicals FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Russia falls further behind the West Reforms to help Russia catch up Rev. of 1905  Forces reforms from Tsar Nicholas II: Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125) How successful was it?
  69. The Tsar Nicholas attends the first meeting of the Duma (April, 1906)
  70. Marxists=Bolsheviks -Bolshevik (“majority”) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist. Bolsh’s working for rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) -Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties with work. Cl. Rev. of 1905 -Peaceful demo Troops fire on crowd RevSpreads Tsar’s Oct. Manifesto & pogroms vs. Jews Split Lib’s & radicals FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Reforms to help Russia catch up Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Rev. of 1905  Forces reforms from Tsar Nicholas II: Conservative backlash vs. reforms Russia falls further behind the West Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Reform movement gets wrecked Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125) Economic reforms?
  71. Marxists=Bolsheviks -Bolshevik (“majority”) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist. Bolsh’s working for rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) -Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties with work. Cl. Rev. of 1905 -Peaceful demo Troops fire on crowd RevSpreads Tsar’s Oct. Manifesto & pogroms vs. Jews Split Lib’s & radicals Econ. Reforms by Peter Stolypin FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Reforms to help Russia catch up Rev. of 1905  Forces reforms from Tsar Nicholas II: Reform movement gets wrecked Conservative backlash vs. reforms Russia falls further behind the West Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125)
  72. Peter Stolypin, Nicholas’ minister after the Revolution of 1905, whose economic reforms revitalized Russia’s economy until the disruption of World War I
  73. Marxists=Bolsheviks -Bolshevik (“majority”) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist. Bolsh’s working for rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) -Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties with work. Cl. Rev. of 1905 -Peaceful demo Troops fire on crowd RevSpreads Tsar’s Oct. Manifesto & pogroms vs. Jews Split Lib’s & radicals Econ. Reforms by Peter Stolypin FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Reforms to help Russia catch up Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Rev. of 1905  Forces reforms from Tsar Nicholas II: Conservative backlash vs. reforms Russia falls further behind the West Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Reform movement gets wrecked Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Impact on crops? Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125)
  74. Marxists=Bolsheviks -Bolshevik (“majority”) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist. Bolsh’s working for rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) -Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties with work. Cl. Rev. of 1905 -Peaceful demo Troops fire on crowd RevSpreads Tsar’s Oct. Manifesto & pogroms vs. Jews Split Lib’s & radicals Econ. Reforms by Peter Stolypin ~2m.Peasants get own land  75% gr. to mkt; 40% to for. mkts FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Rev. of 1905  Forces reforms from Tsar Nicholas II: Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125) World War I (FC.127) World War I (FC.127) Event that triggered Revolution?
  75. Marxists=Bolsheviks -Bolshevik (“majority”) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist. Bolsh’s working for rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) -Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties with work. Cl. Rev. of 1905 -Peaceful demo Troops fire on crowd RevSpreads Tsar’s Oct. Manifesto & pogroms vs. Jews Split Lib’s & radicals Econ. Reforms by Peter Stolypin ~2m.Peasants get own land  75% gr. to mkt; 40% to for. mkts FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Rev. of 1905  Forces reforms from Tsar Nicholas II: Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125) World War I (FC.127) World War I (FC.127) How well did Russia do in WWI?
  76. Marxists=Bolsheviks -Bolshevik (“majority”) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist. Bolsh’s working for rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) -Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties with work. Cl. Rev. of 1905 -Peaceful demo Troops fire on crowd RevSpreads Tsar’s Oct. Manifesto & pogroms vs. Jews Split Lib’s & radicals Econ. Reforms by Peter Stolypin ~2m.Peasants get own land  75% gr. to mkt; 40% to for. mkts FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Reforms to help Russia catch up Growing gap b/w econ. & polit. progress, aggravated by Rus’s defeat in WWI Rev. of 1905  Forces reforms from Tsar Nicholas II: Reform movement gets wrecked Conservative backlash vs. reforms Russia falls further behind the West Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125) World War I (FC.127) World War I (FC.127)
  77. Marxists=Bolsheviks -Bolshevik (“majority”) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist. Bolsh’s working for rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) -Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties with work. Cl. Rev. of 1905 -Peaceful demo Troops fire on crowd RevSpreads Tsar’s Oct. Manifesto & pogroms vs. Jews Split Lib’s & radicals Econ. Reforms by Peter Stolypin ~2m.Peasants get own land  75% gr. to mkt; 40% to for. mkts FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Reforms to help Russia catch up Growing gap b/w econ. & polit. progress, aggravated by Rus’s defeat in WWI Rev. of 1905  Forces reforms from Tsar Nicholas II: Reform movement gets wrecked Conservative backlash vs. reforms Russia falls further behind the West Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125) World War I (FC.127) World War I (FC.127)
  78. The “Mad Monk”?
  79. Grigor Rasputin, the charismatic and mystical monk whose remarkable ability to control the young tsarevitch’s hemophilia gave him sway over Tsar Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra ***
  80. Rasputin and some of his followers at court
  81. Left: Cartoon satirizing the control Rasputin held over the Tsar and Tsarina
  82. Left: Wax dummies in the basement of the Yusupov Palace showing Rasputin and Prince Felix Yusupov, the leader of the conspiracy to kill him. Below: Rasputin’s body after enduring several poisonings, four bullet wounds, multiple beatings, castration, and finally drowning in the ice cold Neva River.
  83. Rasputin’s daughter, Maria, escaped to France after the October Revolution. Later she migrated to the United States, where she worked as a dancer and a tiger trainer in a circus.
  84. Marxists=Bolsheviks -Bolshevik (“majority”) vs Mensheviks (minority) -Marx’s 5 stages of Hist. Bolsh’s working for rev. after next Russian Peasants -Collective decisions by Mir (village coop.) -Seasonal labor in towns Contact w/new ideas & ties with work. Cl. Rev. of 1905 -Peaceful demo Troops fire on crowd RevSpreads Tsar’s Oct. Manifesto & pogroms vs. Jews Split Lib’s & radicals Econ. Reforms by Peter Stolypin ~2m.Peasants get own land  75% gr. to mkt; 40% to for. mkts FC. 129 THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION) Russia falls further behind the West Conservative backlash vs. reforms Reform movement gets wrecked Duma (parliament) Gets gradually stripped of power Catherine the Great tries to reform Russia in late 1700s Reforms to help Russia catch up Rev. of 1905  Forces reforms from Tsar Nicholas II: Economic reforms Many peasants get own lands Growing gap b/w econ. & polit. progress, aggravated by Rus’s defeat in WWI Peter the Great tries to westernize Russia in early 1700s (FC.92) Alexander II frees serfs (1861) after defeat in Crimean War (1854-6) Russia’s huge size, geog. isolation, & history of foreign invasions Slow moving & backward autocracy (FC.92) Ind Rev spreads to Russia (FC.116) Soc. problems from Ind. Rev. (FC.113) Rising infl. of Marxism (FC.115) Jap. defeats Rus. (1903-5) (FC.125) World War I (FC.127) World War I (FC.127) Russian Revolution (FC.130)
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