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Chapter 6: Land and its resources

Chapter 6: Land and its resources. The Various Minerals Found in the Earth’s Crust. .1. Mineral is natural element or compound found in the Earth’s crust.

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Chapter 6: Land and its resources

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  1. Chapter 6: Land and its resources

  2. The Various Minerals Found in the Earth’s Crust .1.Mineral is natural element or compound found in the Earth’s crust. 2. A mineral has a composition and a specific crystalline structure. Examples of minerals are calcite, feldspar, quartz, mica, marble and silicate. 3.. Only inactive elements can exist freely in the Earth’s crust. Meanwhile, active elements will react with other elements to form particular compounds. 4.. Natural elements commonly found in the Earth’s crust are gold, silver, platinum, mercury and arsenic.

  3. Almost 75% of the weight of a mineral in the Earth’s Crust is made up of oxygen and silicon elements. Thus, silicate minerals which contain oxygen and silicon elements make up the largest amount. Examples of silicate minerals include quartz, feldspar, mica and clay. • Minerals that do not contain silicon element are known as non-silicate minerals. Examples of non silicate minerals are calcite, dolomite, magnetite and hematite. • Other non metallic elements such as oxygen, sulphur and carbon usually exist in the form of compounds such as oxides, sulphides and carbonates. • Less active elements combine with oxygen and sulphur to form oxides and sulphides such as iron oxide, aluminium oxide, lead sulphide and iron sulphide.

  4. Element in Natural Compounds

  5. KESAN HABA KE ATAS LOGAM KARBONAT DAN LOGAM SULFIDA Larutankalium permangganatberasid Iron sulfide (uijgas SO2 ) calcium carbonat ungu jernih Air kapur CO2 (untukuji gas ) jernih keruh pemerhatian keruh - CO2 - jernih SO2 - tidakterurai - - jernih SO2 keruh CO2 - - tidakterurai -

  6. Metal + oxygen  metal oxide Metal + sulphur metal sulphide Metal sulphide metal oxide + sulphur dioxide

  7. Metal react with oxygen MAZI C– decending order CIZAM – accending order

  8. Metal react with sulphur MAZI C – decending order C IZAM – accending order

  9. PERAK 12 Magnesium + sulphur  magnesium sulphide heat Calcium sulphide  calcium oxide + sulphur dioxide heat

  10. Reactions of metals with non-metal Metal with sulphur Metal with oxygen • Magnesium + oxygen  magnesium oxide • Aluminium + oxygen aluminum oxide • Zinc + oxygen zinc oxide • Iron + oxygen  iron oxide • Copper + oxygen copper oxide • Magnesium + sulphur magnesium sulphide • Aluminium + sulphur aluminum sulphide • Zinc + sulphur zinc sulphide • Iron + sulphur iron sulphide • Copper + sulphur copper sulphide Potassium Manganate (vii) crystals release oxygen when heated The glass wool at the mouth of the boiling tube prevents oxygen from escaping too fast into the air The glass wool at in the boiling tube prevents the Potassium Manganate (VII) from mixing with the metal powder.

  11. Test

  12. PKBS 2 2010 MEI

  13. PMR 2007

  14. SBP 2006 PMR 09

  15. PMR 08

  16. Diagram 6 shows the set-up apparatus to determine the action of heat on plumbum sulphide. SBP 2009

  17. SBP 2011

  18. Minerals in the Earth’s crust

  19. Metal & non-metal • A non-metal is an element that has a dull surface, is brittle. • Example: graphite (carbon), sulphur, oxygen, chlorine… • A metal is an element that has a shiny surface, is ductile and malleable. • Example: zinc, magnesium, sodium, iron, copper, lead, gold, silver … • Most metals react with oxygen to form metal oxide. • Most metals react with sulphur to form metal sulphide. Zinc + oxygen  zinc oxide Zinc + sulphur zinc sulphide

  20. The Moths Scale

  21. Silicon Compound • Silicon is non-metallic element that is the second most abundant element after the element oxygen in the Earth’s crust. • Silicon does not exist as a free element in its natural states but combines with other elements to form compounds. • Silicon normally combines with other elements such as metals and oxygen to form silicon compounds (silica and silicate) • Silica is also known as silicon dioxide. • Silicon + oxygen  silicon dioxide (silica) • Example of silica: sand, quartz and flint • Silicate is a silicon compound that contains silicon, metal and oxygen. • Silicate is form when silicon combines with oxygen and metal. • Silicon + oxygen + metal  silicate • Examples: clay, mica, feldspar, asbestos gem (jade, ruby, topaz)

  22. The properties of silicon compounds

  23. Characteristic of silicon: Sodium silicate magnesium silicate • Do not dissolve in water • Do not react with acid • Do not decomposed when heated Feldfars silicate

  24. CALCIUM CARBONATE COMPOUND • Calcium carbonate is the chemical name for lime element that is formed • from 3 types of elements, which are calcium, carbon and oxygen. • Examples of calcium compounds are: • a. Lime b. Lime stone • c. Marble d. calcite • e. Gypsum f. shell of sea animals • g. bones and teeth h. egg shells.

  25. The characteristics of calcium carbonate are: PMR 03, 04 • insoluble in water • soluble in water containing dissolved carbon dioxide gas to form calcium hydrogen carbonate. • It reacts with dilute acid to produce calcium salt water and carbon dioxide • It decomposes into calcium oxide quicklime and carbon dioxide when heated. PMR 07, 08 • Calcium oxide dissolves a little in water to form calcium hydroxide slaked lime and heat energy is released

  26. Properties of calcium carbonates

  27. Tindakanhabakeataskalsiumkarbonat titiskan air panaskan i. Berdesir kalsiumoksida kalsiumhidroksida ii. haba terhasil kalsiumkarbonat kapur tohor kapur mati batu kapur serbuk cecair pepejal

  28. PROPERTIES OF CALCIUM CARBONATES

  29. The formation of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide

  30. Natural fuel resources and their importance. • Formation of natural fuel resources. • Natural fuel resources include fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas and coal. • Coal is formed from plants that grew in swamps millions of years ago. • Petroleum and natural gas are formed from plants and animals that lived in the sea or on the land millions of years ago. • When these animals and plants died, their remains became buried under mud and sand at the bottom of the sea. • High pressure and heat slowly changed the mud and sand into rocks and the remains of the animals and plants into petroleum and natural gas. PMR 08

  31. Characteristics and uses of petroleum fractions • Fossil fuel are hydrocarbons (hydrogen and carbon) • Petroleum is a mixture of many types of hydrocarbons which need to be separated before can be used. • The hydrocarbons in the petroleum have different boiling points. • Therefore, the petroleum can be separated into various components by fractional distillation. • The components which are separated are called fractions or distillates. • The higher the boiling point of a fraction of petroleum, PMR 03, 05, 08 • the darker its colour • the higher the viscosity • the colour of the flame become more yellowish • more soot produced when burnt • more difficult to burn in air http://www.footprints-science.co.uk/fractional.htm

  32. Fractional distillation of petroleum

  33. PERAK 12

  34. PMR 2008

  35. THE USES OF THE PRODUCTS OF DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM PMR 07

  36. Bahanapisemulajadi1. Iaitupetroleum, gas asli, arangbatudankayu-kayan2. dikenalisebagaibahanapifosil.Keranaberasaldaritumbuhandanhaiwanmatiberjutatahunlampau.Petroleum 1. Bewarnahitamdanlikat, terdiridaricampuranhidrogendankarbondandinamakansebatianhidrokarbon.2. Prosespemisahan petroleum dinamakanpenyulinganberperingkatdisebabkan petroleum mempunyaitakatdidihberlainan

  37. FRACTIONAL DISTILATION Gasasli1.Gas asliterdiridaripadametana,etana,danbutana2. Gas aslidiangkutdalambentukgas aslicecair(LNG)arangbatu1.Dahulu arangbatudigunauntukmenjalankankapallaut, dankeretapi

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