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Prepoved kartelnih sporazumov,

Prepoved kartelnih sporazumov,. s klepov združenj in usklajenega delovanja (81 PES). 81 PES. Namen 81. člena PES. Prepoved omejevalnih sporazumov Horizontalnih … Vertikalnih …. Struktura 81. člena – 1. odst.:. Vsebuje prepoved sodelovanja (collusion) ki ima za posledico: ….

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Prepoved kartelnih sporazumov,

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  1. Prepoved kartelnih sporazumov, sklepov združenj in usklajenega delovanja (81 PES)

  2. 81 PES

  3. Namen 81. člena PES • Prepoved omejevalnih sporazumov • Horizontalnih … • Vertikalnih …

  4. Struktura 81. člena – 1. odst.: • Vsebuje prepoved sodelovanja (collusion) ki ima za posledico: • …. • navaja tipične primere • Dokazati obstoj naslednjih elementov: • več podjetij • sodelovanje (collusion) • ki ima namen ali učinek v omejevanju konkurence (preprečevanje, omejevanje ali izkrivljanje ) • zadosten učinek na konkurenco • zadosten učinek na trgovanje med DČ

  5. Struktura 81. člena • 2. Odst – sankcija- • avtomatično ničnost (delna ničnost ECJ) • 3. odst - izjeme • 1. odst. se ne uporablja za sporazume, ki izpolnjujejo 4 pogoje (2+, 2-): • “pozitivnih učinkov več kot negativnih”

  6. Izjeme • Stari sistem: • predhodno (ex ante) dodeljena izjema (K): • Individualna (notifikacija) • Skupinska (block exemption) • Novi sistem: • UVK-DČ (ex post) • K – skupinske izjeme ostanejo

  7. Posledice kršitve • Ničnost • Preiskava, kazni … (K) • Preiskava, kazni … (DČ-UVK) • Za podjetja • Za posameznike • Odškodnine v civilnih postopkih

  8. Dokazno breme? • The presumption of innocence resulting in particular from Article 6(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights is one of the fundamental rights which, are protected in the Community legal order … the principle of the presumption of innocence applies to the procedures relating to infringements of the competition rules applicable to undertakings that may result in the imposition of fines or periodic penalty payments. (Hülst v. Commission)

  9. Generalna klavzula (81/1) • “Kot nezdružljivi s skupnim trgom so prepovedani vsi sporazumi med podjetji, sklepi podjetniških združenj in usklajena ravnanja, ki bi lahko prizadeli trgovino med državami članicami in katerih cilj oziroma posledica je preprečevanje, omejevanje ali izkrivljanje konkurence na skupnem trgu”

  10. Elementi generalne klavzule • Podjetje • Podjetniško združenje • Sporazum • Sklep • Usklajeno ravnanje • Namen ali učinek je preprečevanje omejevanje ali izkrivljanje konkurence • Vpliv na konkurenco • Vpliv na trgovino med DČ

  11. Podjetje • Vsaka enota, ki izvršuje gospodarsko dejavnost ne glede na pravno-organizacijsko obliko in vire financiranja (Höfner & Elser v Macroton, (C-41/90; 1991)),

  12. Združenje podjetij • BNIC), v Guy Clair Case 123/83 • Ni pomembna organizacijska oblika, pravna osebnost • Važno, da odločitev vpliva na ravnanje članov • Razlika med združenjem in podjetjem (koncern)

  13. Sporazum c.a. • 81 prepoveduje sodelovanje • Več subjektov • Odnos med oblikami sodelovanja

  14. Vsebina: • Določanje cen • Določanje obsega proizvodnje/prodaje • Delitev trgov, odjemalcev, geografskih področij …

  15. Sporazumi, sklepi in usklajena delovanja • “The list in Article [81(1)] of the Treaty is intended to apply to all collusion between undertakings, whatever the form it takes. There is continuity between the cases listed. The only essential thing is the distinction between independent conduct, which is allowed, and collusion, which is not, regardless of any distinction between types of collusion.”

  16. Sporazum • “…the existence of a concurrence of wills between at least two parties, the form in which it is manifested being unimportant so long as it constitutes the faithful expression of the parties' intention.” (Bayer AG v Commission , Case T-41/96, ECR 2000 II-03383)

  17. Sporazum • Agreement, Vereinbarung • Pojem ni enak kot v civilnem pravu • skupna volja glede preprečevanja … • Najmanj 2 subjekta • “Enostransko ravnanje” • Dogovori znotraj koncernov

  18. Sporazum • Zadostuje tudi gentlemen's agreement (Quinine). • Ni treba, da je pravno zavezujoč, • Oblika ni važna, lahko se obstoj destilira iz okoliščin. • Lahko se na obstoj sklepa na podlagi daljšega poslovnega odnosa med strankama.

  19. Prisotnost na sestankih • “… the fact that Air Liquide and Westfalen participated in several meetings, and that the object of these meetings was to restrict competition, is confirmed by the documentary evidence in the Commission's file. The finding that the behaviour described constitutes agreements within the meaning of Article 81(1) of the Treaty is not altered even if it is established that one or more participants had no intention to implement the joint intentions expressed by them.

  20. Having regard to the manifestly anti-competitive nature of the meetings at which intentions were expressed, the undertakings concerned, by taking part without publicly distancing themselves, gave the other participants the impression that they subscribed to what was discussed and would act in conformity with it. The notion of "agreement" is objective in nature. The actual motives (and hidden intentions) which underlay the behaviour adopted are irrelevant.” (Industrial and Medical Gases [2003] OJ L84/1)

  21. Sporazum sklenjen pod prisilo • Načeloma kaznivo • Lahko se oprosti kazen pri malih podjetjih • Proti lastnemu ekonomskemu interesu (npr. mora pristati na prepoved izvoza)

  22. Ravnanje podrejenih • Ni treba odločitev vodstva • Tudi če podrejeni niso ravnali po nalogu vodstva • Pravo ES ne predvideva sankcij proti posameznim uslužbencem

  23. Horizontalni sporazumi P4 P1 P2 P3

  24. Vertikalni sporazumi P GU-SLO D-MB

  25. Consten & Grundig • Consten je bil ekskluzivni distributer Grundigovih izdelkov v Franciji. Prav takoje imel ekskluzivno pravico v Franciji uporabljati Grundigovo blagovno znamko GINT (Grundig International). V skladu s pogodbo Consten ni smel prodajati konkurenčnih izdelkov drugih proizvajalcev. Komisija je odločila, da pogodba med Constenom in Grundigom krši 81. člen PES. Consten je vložil pravno sredstvo pri SES.

  26. Vertikalni sporazumi P GU-SLO GU-H GU-A D-BP D-GRZ D-MB D-LJ D-KP

  27. Enostransko ravnanje in sporazum • ECJ: “The only essential thing is the distinction between independent conduct, which is allowed, and collusion, which is not...” • 81. in 82. člen PES • Sandoz »export prohibited« • Selektivni distribucijski sistemi • AEG • Bayer

  28. Enostransko ravnanje • “A refusal by a manufacturer to approve distributors who satisfy the qualitative criteria of his system of selective distribution does not constitute, on the part of the undertaking, unilateral conduct … On the contrary, such an attitude forms part of the contractual relations between the undertaking and resellers, since the admission of a distributor is based on the acceptance, tacit or express, by the contracting parties of the policy pursued by the undertaking, which requires inter alia the exclusion from the network of distributors who are qualified for admission but are not prepared to adhere to that policy.(AEG v. Commission, 107/82, (1983) ECR 3151))

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