History Department Ensuring you pass! Germany 1918-39

1. You have nothing to lose other than the grade you could have achieved! History Department Ensuring you pass!Germany 1918-39

2. From democratic Chancellor to Dictator Link each source to your knowledge • Source A: The Nazi general, Halder, speaking at the Nuremburg War Crimes trial, 1946. At a lunch on the birthday of the Führer in 1942 the conversation turned to the topic of the Reichstag building. I heard with my own ears when Goering interrupted the conversation and shouted: “The only one who really knows about the Reichstag is I, because I set it on fire”. What is it about? What point/inference is it making?

3. From democratic Chancellor to Dictator Link each source to your knowledge • Source B: Photograph of the trial for the Reichstag Fire, November 1933. The accused, Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch Communist, is standing in the defendant’s dock. What is it about? What point/inference is it making?

4. From democratic Chancellor to Dictator Link each source to your knowledge • Source C: From the official Nazi government statement about the Reichstag Fire, made on 28 February 1933. This is without doubt the worst fire that the German people have experienced. The central part of the Reichstag has been completely gutted and the chamber in which the Reichstag held its meetings has been destroyed. This is the work of German Communists who have also planned to set fire to government buildings, castles, museums and vitally important factories. The burning of the Reichstag was to signal the start of bloodshed and a Communist uprising. What is it about? What point/inference is it making?

5. From democratic Chancellor to Dictator Link each source to your knowledge • Source D: A photograph of Nazi Stormtroopers (SA) guarding arrested Socialist opponents in 1933. What is it about? What point/inference is it making?

6. From democratic Chancellor to Dictator Link each source to your knowledge • Source E: Extract from Hitler’s speech to the Reichstag, 13 July 1934, explaining the Night of the Long Knives. After the month of May, there could be no further doubt that the Chief-of-Staff of the Stormtroopers (SA), Ernst Röhm, was busy with ambitious schemes which, if carried out, could only lead to the most violent disturbances. The preparations for his revolt were extensive. Only ruthless and bloody intervention could prevent the revolution from spreading. What is it about? What point/inference is it making?

7. Use the sources & your own knowledge to answer the questions 1. Study Source A. What can you learn from Source A about the Reicstag Fire of February 1933? (Total 4 marks)‏ 2. Study Sources A, B and C. Does Source C support the evidence of Sources A and B about who was responsible for the Reichstag Fire? Explain your answer. (Total 6 marks)‏ 3. Study Sources D and E. How useful are these two sources as evidence about the activities of the Stormtroopers (SA) in the years 1933–34? (Total 8 marks)‏ 4. Study all the Sources. ‘The Communist Party was the main obstacle to Hitler’s creation of a Nazi dictatorship in the years 1933–34.’ Use the sources, and your own knowledge, to explain whether you agree with this view. (Total 12 marks)‏ From democratic Chancellor to Dictator

8. The Treaty of Versailles stated that Germany must pay reparations to the Allies.  In August 1923, a loaf of bread cost 3,465 marks.  The Munich Putsch took place in 1923. Weimar problems 1918-23 Answer & Explain 5. Why did the Weimar Republic face so much opposition in Germany in the years 1919-23? Explain your answer. You could include the following in your answer and any other information of your own. (Total 15 marks) Answer the question: Surrender (Stab in the Back Theory + November Criminals), Treaty of Versailles, bad Constitution, anti-democratic rebellions, Reparations, French Occupation, Hyper-inflation. Explain: How and why each of these were a problem for the Weimar Governments 1918-23

9. Golden 20’s Answer & Explain 6. How was the Weimar Government saved from collapse between 1924-29? • Gustav Stresemann became Chancellor at the end of 1923 • America agreed to the Dawes Plan in 1924 • As Foreign Minister, Stresemann signed the Locarno Treaty in 1925 (Total 15 marks)‏ Answer the question: Retenmark, end to passive resistance, Dawes Plan, payment of Reparations, Locarno Treaty, Withdrawal of French, entry to League of Nations, Young Plan. Explain: How each of these decisions/actions helped solve specific problems faced by the Weimar Republic.

10.  In 1928, the Nazis won 12 of the 491 seats in the Reichstag. • 40% of all factory workers in Germany were unemployed in 1932.  Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor in January 1933. Wall Street Crash & Nazis rise to power Answer & Explain 7a. What part did the Wall Street Crash play in Hitler’s rise to power? Explain your answer. You could include the following in your answer and any other information of your own. (Total 15 marks)‏ Answer the question: Number of Nazi MP’s before Crash, during 1925-29 Hitler had made Nazi Party a national organisation, American financial collapse caused depression in Germany (Dawes Plan ended), Weak PR governments unable to agree how to solve problems, rise in support for Communists and Nazis, Hitler promised Work & Bread for all, Nazis gained 230 MP’s in 1932 election, rich & Middle Class feared communist revolution. Explain: How Hitler exploited depression to increase his popularity by offering strong government, jobs for all and protection from Communism. The Nazi propaganda machine spread these messages. Other right-wing politicians wanted Hitler as a Puppet Leader (Von Papon).

11. How did the Nazis come to power? Answer & Explain 7b. Why was the Nazi Party able to gain such widespread support among the German people by 1932? Explain your answer. You could include the following in your answer and any other information of your own. • In 1931 the Nazis opened soup kitchens for the unemployed • In 7 weeks in 1932, 500 people were killed or wounded in fighting between • Communists and Nazis. • In the 1932 Presidential elections, Hitler used air travel to visit five parts of Germany in a single day. (Total 15 marks) Answer the question: Number of Nazi MP’s before Crash, during 1925-29 Hitler had made Nazi Party a national organisation, American financial collapse caused depression in Germany (Dawes Plan ended), Weak PR governments unable to agree how to solve problems, rise in support for Communists and Nazis, Hitler promised Work & Bread for all, Nazis gained 230 MP’s in 1932 election, rich & Middle Class feared communist revolution. Explain: How Hitler exploited depression to increase his popularity by offering strong government, jobs for all, giving charity to the hungry and protection from Communism. The Nazi propaganda machine spread these messages in new and exciting ways. Other right-wing politicians wanted Hitler as a Puppet Leader (Von Papon).

12. Nazi control Answer & Explain 8. ‘The Nazis were able to stay in power in Germany after 1933 mainly because the German people feared them.’ Do you agree? You could include the following in your answer and any other information of your own. • The first concentration camp was opened at Dachau in 1933. • In 1933 Goebbels became Minister of Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda. • In 1933 there were 6 million people unemployed in Germany. By 1939 this had fallen to 300,000. (Total 15 marks) Answer the question: The use of terror was one vital tool (give names & details) in a larger range of tactics used by the Nazis which included Job creation, indoctrination of young people, laws, propaganda & censorship, the Church, racism and nationalism. Explain: Which were carrots & sticks. Give examples of each type of control: Jobs = Public works, conscription & rearmament, Young people = Indoctrination via Hitler Youth & school, Laws = Enabling Act, Propaganda = Nazi rallies & films, Censorship = book burning and control of newspapers & radio, Church = Nazi Reich Church and Concordat with the Catholic Church, racism = scapegoat German Jews, Nationalism = rip up Treaty of Versailles.

13. Young people Answer & Explain Do you think that Nazi Government propaganda succeeded in influencing the behaviour of young people in Germany in the period 1933–39? Explain your answer. You could include the following in your answer and any other information of your own. • The image of the Fuhrer. • The content of physical education and history lessons in schools. • Attacks on Hitler Youth patrols by the Edelweiss pirates. (Total 15 marks)‏ Answer the question: By 1939 the majority of young people were members of the Hitler Youth. They were indoctrinated to believe Hitler was a wise father figure who would guide their nation to success. It shaped their futures as wives & mothers, soldiers and leaders. In school Nazi teachers brainwashed children to believe racist ideas (especially against Jews). Explain: Although successful, not all children joined. It had to be made compulsory! Street gangs like the Edelweiss Pirates and Swing Kids are proof that not all young people fully accepted Nazi ideas. Young people also joined opposition groups like the White Rose group.

14. Understanding new sources Clue : Work & Bread

15. Understanding new sources Clue : Carrots & Sticks

16. Understanding new sources Clue : Post-War problems

17. Understanding new sources Clue : Nazi party reorganisation after failure of Munich Putsch

18. Link each source to your knowledge Source A: A photograph of Hitler at a rally in the 1920s. With him are members of the SA wearing brown shirts. What is it about? What point/inference is it making? Nazi organisation & appeal

19. Link each source to your knowledge Source B: An extract from a speech by Hitler after the failure of the Munich Putsch in 1923. Instead of working to achieve power by armed force, we shall have to hold our noses and enter the Reichstag. Sooner or later we shall have a majority. Source C: From a report published in a British newspaper in March 1933. The Weimar Republic lacked uniforms, star performers, torchlight processions. On the other hand, the Nazis knew exactly how to win: they have stormed Germany by the use of processions. What is it about? What point/inference is it making? Nazi organisation & appeal

20. Source D: From the memories of a German woman, Frau Mundt. Frau Mundt was a child growing up in Germany in the early 1930s. In 1930 the banks failed and this meant people had to pay off their bills straight away. Do you know what that means? No money, no work, no food. Only seven marks a week for the unemployed. Families with two children, ten children and more, seven marks. And then came 1932. My mother and father went and heard Adolf Hitler. The next morning they told us what he had for aims, for ideas and how he was on the side of the unemployed. My mother wept for joy. My parents prayed, ‘Dear God, give this man all the votes so that we can escape from poverty’. There was no one else who promised what Hitler did. Link each source to your knowledge Source E: From the diary of Luise Solmitz, a Hamburg school teacher who was writing about a Nazi rally held in 1932. A second speaker welcomed Hitler and made way for the man whose reputation had encouraged 120,000 people of all classes and ages to attend the rally. There stood Hitler in a simple black coat looking over the crowd while he waited to speak. There was a roaring salute. Main theme of his speech: out of all this chaos shall grow a nation, a German nation. When the speech was over there was roaring enthusiasm and applause. Then he went. How many look up to him with touching faith as their helper, their saviour, the person to deliver them from their distress. What is it about? What point/inference is it making? Nazi organisation & appeal

21. Answer & Explain 10. (a) Study Sources A, B and C. What can you learn from these sources about the tactics used by Hitler to win power in Germany? (5)‏ (b) Use your own knowledge to explain why the Munich Putsch failed in 1923. (8)‏ (Total 13 marks) 11. Study A-E, and use your own knowledge. ‘The main reason for increased Nazi support in the period 1930 to 1932 was the personal appeal of Hitler.’ Use the sources, and your own knowledge, to explain whether you agree with this view. (Total 12 marks)‏