ATGTS: Automated Trace Gas Trapping System

1. ATGTS: Automated Trace Gas Trapping System Team 7: Sponsored by: Dr. N. Ostrom, Dr. K. Smemo, & Dr. P. Robertson Funded by the Biogeochemistry Environmental Research Initiative

2. Global warming is catastrophic and accelerating phenomena The key to addressing the global warming problem is to further understanding the cause, CO2 and N20 cycles Motivated development of ATGTS Traps CO2 and N20 remotely at a high accuracy Introduction

3. Agricultural Practices • The dynamics of CO2 & N2O are heavily influenced by land management practices • System will be used to develop new farming practices and test old ones. • Increase accountability

4. Carbon Crediting • ATGTS makes carbon trading possible • AAA act • Kyoto Protocol • Sustainable oversight • Nitrogen trading

5. Impacts • Eliminate slash and burn • Regulate crop prices with out waste • Sustainable farming • No impact on yield or profits • Potential to reduce green house gas emissions more than taking 210 million cars of the road (1.6 billion tons of CO2) • Up to ¼ reduction in net emissions

6. Current Problems • Existing devices have insufficient resolution for Carbon Crediting systems • N2O flux is poorly constrained, and its microbial origin pathways are not well understood • Thus the devotement of an ATGTS system

7. Purpose of the ATGTS • To control greenhouse gas emissions, a method of monitoring their flux from soil is needed • Team 7 charged with designing and constructing a device capable of taking measurements of CO2 and N2O on a local scale • Provide a platform which facilitates analysis techniques to determine microbial origins of gases via isotopic analysis

8. Existing Technologies • Most existing devices and techniques measure emissions on large scales • Do not provide resolution for carbon credit systems, or data needed for isotopic analysis

9. Solution: ATGTS • ATGTS uses molecular sieve to trap trace gases for offsite analysis • Provides trace gas recovery rate to avoid isotopic fractionation • Measures flux emitted on a scale of meters • Budgeted $5,000 for prototype construction

10. Design Requirements • Field operable for one month at a time without maintenance or reliance on solar power • Desiccant and chemical traps to remove unwanted trace gases • Well balanced flow rate • High recovery of trace gases without isotopic fractionation

11. Design Requirements, Cont. • Easily deployable, yet large enough to account for spatial variability • Atmospheric conditions in the soil flux chamber should match the outer atmosphere of the area • Deployed over bare soil (e.g. Agricultural soils) where vegetation has been removed

12. Proof of Concept • Performed by sponsors • N2O and CO2 are effectively removed from the sample volume without isotopic fractionation • Demonstrates potential of a full-scale version of the ATGTS

13. Design of the ATGTS • Sub-chambers are used to reduce power consumption while maintaining accuracy • System is governed by microcontroller and timer

14. Programmable System on Chip (PSoC) Visual, code-free embedded design C language base Manually edit code Microcontroller CY3214-PSoCEvalUSB

15. State Machine • Microcontroller simulates state machine to operate ATGTS • Rest, Mix, N2O, CO2, Equilibrate • Timer turns microcontroller on/off every six hours

16. System Flow Chart

17. Valves Micro-Diaphragm Pump Flow Rate: 250 mL/min Linear Actuator Part Selection

18. Materials in contact with the gases must be chemically inert and gas impermeable Outer Casing and Sub-chambers White PVC – avoiding the greenhouse effect Desiccant Trap Nafion Tubing CO2 Chemical Trap 304 Stainless Steel Tubing Carbosorb CO2 and N2O Traps 304 Stainless Steel Tubing Molecular Sieve 5A Tubing PEEK Material Selection

19. Trap Manifold: Constraints • Withstand 300 degrees Celsius for at least 3 hours. • The traps must be easily accessible. • The traps need to be easily exchangeable. • Traps need a shut-off valve to prevent leaks during transport

20. Trap Manifold: Design • Quick connects for easy removal • Manual valve cut-off air to the traps to preserve sample, reduce chemical hazards • Reducers connect quick connects to PEEK tubing • Made of 304 Stainless Steel for heating and chemical properties

21. Rainfall Dispersion System • Replicating ambient conditions requires replicating rainfall • Rain collector with solenoid feeds water onto a dispersal grate • Rain water dropped into soil flux chamber with equilibrate cycle

22. Sub-Chamber Housing • Subsample soil flux chamber to conserve on device size, power • Sliding aluminum door and Viton foam give airtight seal • Door actuated by a linear motor

23. Sub-Chamber, Cont. • Rear door included to eliminate dead volumes during rest and stir events • Fan pointing into sub-chamber to thoroughly mix sample volumes

24. Power System • 25.2 amp-hour lithium ion battery • Transistor switches for solenoids and pump • H-bridge for linear actuators • Voltage regulator supplies lower voltage for microcontroller and pump

25. PWM Driver • PWM control used on solenoids • 78% duty cycle used to open, 38% used to hold • Reduces power consumption by 60% • Reduces monthly amp-hour budget from 20AH to 13AH

26. Timer • Saves energy by disconnecting the power to all other components when not in use • Activates microcontroller every 6 hours for 10 minutes • Internal relay can output 16A to system

27. Future Work • Subchamber track will be redesigned with an indexing door • Design and construction of a device to help remove samples from molsiv • Look into locking solenoids • Additional flow sensors

28. Conclusion • ATGTS will be a useful tool in the development of carbon crediting systems • Will aid future research into the origins of microbial N2O