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FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914)

Arbitrary borders drawn w/o respect for tribal divisions splits some tribes while throwing others together. Benefits of Eur. Civ. (schools, RR’s, etc.) offset by suffering & humiliation caused by European rule. Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism.

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FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914)

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  1. Arbitrary borders drawn w/o respect for tribal divisions splits some tribes while throwing others together Benefits of Eur. Civ. (schools, RR’s, etc.) offset by suffering & humiliation caused by European rule Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism Brit. seizes Egypt to guard its interests in Suez Canal Henry Stanley’s travel account Interest in Afr. Br. conquers Zulus in S. Afr to protect Dutch Boers Early efforts focus on Africa as the main object of imperial expansion despite its relative unimportance to Britain’s economy. Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Provide new mkts. & resources Br. conquers Sudan to keep it from blocking Nile R. Leopold II of Belgium seizes & mercilessly exploits the Congo Tensions b/w Br & Boers Boer War Br. takes S. Afr. Improvements in milit. tech. (FC.117) Vaccines vs. trop. diseases (FC.117) Scramble for colonies by other Eur. powers who want to keep up w/Britain  Most of Africa carved up into colonies by 1914 When new lands to colonize are gone  Rising tensions in Eur. helps lead to WWI (FC.126) WWII Eur. weak & natives use Eur. tech. & ideas of to win indep. (FC.151)

  2. Due to competition from newer & cheaper foreign industries, the disruption caused by German unification and growing turmoil in the Balkans, and the inability to unite Britain’s increasingly complex industrial society on one domestic issue, Benjamin Disraeli won support by proposing imperial expansion to enhance Britain’s prestige & add new markets and resources while protecting old ones. Despite little relevance to its economy, Britain focused on Africa, seizing Egypt to guard the Suez Canal, the Sudan to guard Egypt, and South Africa after a bitter struggle with Dutch settlers (Boers) there. This, plus Leopold II of Belgium’s seizure and exploitation of the Congo, vaccines against tropical diseases, & potent new weapons, led Europeans to conquer nearly all of Africa by 1914. Any benefits brought by European civilization were more than offset by the suffering and humiliation caused by foreign rule and the arbitrary borders that divided some tribes and threw other hostile ones together. By 1914, tensions caused by the lack of new lands to conquer would lead to World War I, while some native subjects would learn to use European technology and ideas to win independence after WWII.

  3. Traditional boundaries in Africa (shown in red) with European colonial boundaries (shown in white). Unfortunately, when African colonies won their independence, it was according to the artificial European boundaries, thus continuing to split up some tribes while throwing other hostile tribes together.

  4. African trade languages to illustrate the complexity of the language and cultural situation in Africa

  5. Shared river basins and lakes in Africa Number of countries sharing each basin More than 9 5-9 4 3 2

  6. A bronze plaque portraying a ruler and two warriors of Benin, a powerful West African kingdom encountered by the Portuguese in the 1400s. African art, especially that of Benin, became quite popular in Europe around 1900, influencing a number of artists, including Picasso.

  7. Africa in 1880, before the major wave of European colonization.

  8. Africa, 1914

  9. FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, Pre-Colonial Africa

  10. FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Pre-Colonial Africa

  11. FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Reasons for earlier imperialism? Pre-Colonial Africa

  12. FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Pre-Colonial Africa

  13. FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explanation for neo-imperialism? Pre-Colonial Africa

  14. FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> How profitable did most of these Colonies prove to be? Pre-Colonial Africa

  15. FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable How was the diplomatic situation in Europe different in late 1800s?

  16. FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) How was society different? Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113)

  17. FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Britain’s monopoly on industrialization? Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116)

  18. Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically More complex soc ->? FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870:

  19. Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically Britain’s control of Eur’s econ & diplomatic situation? FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870:

  20. Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically Problem with foreign competition? FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870:

  21. Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically Provide new mkts. & resources Who offered a solution & what was it? FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas

  22. Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically Provide new mkts. & resources Br. prestige? FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Benjamin Disraeli, British prime minister (1874-80) who largely initiated the colonial movement in the late 1800s. During his administration, the British took control of the Suez Canal, northern Afghanistan, Cyprus, and the Transvaal in South Africa

  23. Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically Provide new mkts. & resources Br’s overseas econ. Interests? FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas

  24. Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically It will also provide? FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Provide new mkts. & resources

  25. Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically How would other politicians react & why? FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Provide new mkts. & resources

  26. Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Provide new mkts. & resources

  27. Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable Justified by: German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Provide new mkts. & resources

  28. Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable Justified by: 1) ”Need” to bring Chr. &“superior” Eur. Civ. to “inferior” cultures & German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Provide new mkts. & resources

  29. The White Man’s Burden The United States and the Philippine Islands Take up the White Man’s burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half devil and half child Take up the White Man’s burden In patience to abide To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple An hundred times made plain To seek another’s profit, And work another’s gain. Take up the White Man’s burden-- The savage wars of peace-- Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest The end for others sought, Watch Sloth and heathen Folly Bring all your hope to nought Take up the White Man’s burden-- No tawdry rule of kings. But toil of serf and sweeper-- The tale of common things. The ports ye shall not enter, The roads ye shall not tread, Go make them with your living And mark them with your dead! --Rudyard Kipling (1899)

  30. “The first step towards lightening the White Man’s Burden is through teaching the virtues of cleanliness. Pears’ Soap is a potent factor in brightening the dark corners of the earth as civilization advances, whilst amongst the cultured of all nations it holds the highest place—it is the ideal toilet soap.”

  31. Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable Justified by: 1) ”Need” to bring Chr. &“superior” Eur. Civ. to “inferior” cultures & 2) Social Darwinism: belief in “right” of strong civ’s to conquer weak ones German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Provide new mkts. & resources How was Darwin brought into this?

  32. Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable Justified by: 1) ”Need” to bring Chr. &“superior” Eur. Civ. to “inferior” cultures & 2) Social Darwinism: belief in “right” of strong civ’s to conquer weak ones German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Provide new mkts. & resources I don’t like people over- simplifying my work in such cavalier fashion

  33. Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable Justified by: 1) ”Need” to bring Chr. &“superior” Eur. Civ. to “inferior” cultures & 2) Social Darwinism: belief in “right” of strong civ’s to conquer weak ones German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Provide new mkts. & resources Q: Area Eur’s esp. focused on?

  34. Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism Brit. seizes Egypt to guard its interests in Suez Canal Henry Stanley’s travel account Interest in Afr. Br. conquers Zulus in S. Afr to protect Dutch Boers Early efforts focus on Africa as the main object of imperial expansion despite its relative unimportance to Britain’s economy. Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable Justified by: 1) ”Need” to bring Chr. &“superior” Eur. Civ. to “inferior” cultures & 2) Social Darwinism: belief in “right” of strong civ’s to conquer weak ones German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Provide new mkts. & resources How vital was Africa to Eur’s economy?

  35. Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism Brit. seizes Egypt to guard its interests in Suez Canal Henry Stanley’s travel account Interest in Afr. Br. conquers Zulus in S. Afr to protect Dutch Boers Early efforts focus on Africa as the main object of imperial expansion despite its relative unimportance to Britain’s economy. Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 More complex soc Harder to unite politically FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable Justified by: 1) ”Need” to bring Chr. &“superior” Eur. Civ. to “inferior” cultures & 2) Social Darwinism: belief in “right” of strong civ’s to conquer weak ones German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Provide new mkts. & resources

  36. “Killing is murder unless done to the sound of trumpets.” --Voltaire 18:00

  37. Egypt & the Sudan "We don't want to fight, but by jingo if we do We've got the ships, we've got the guns, and got the money too" Britain’s interest in Egypt lay with the Suez Canal, which opened in 1869. Originally, this canal was a joint venture between France and Egypt. However, the ruler of Egypt fell into debt and had to borrow money from British banks, using his shares in the canal as collateral for the loan. Unfortunately, he defaulted on the loan, and Britain took over the Egyptian half of the canal.

  38. Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism Brit. seizes Egypt to guard its interests in Suez Canal Henry Stanley’s travel account Interest in Afr. Br. conquers Zulus in S. Afr to protect Dutch Boers Early efforts focus on Africa as the main object of imperial expansion despite its relative unimportance to Britain’s economy. Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 More complex soc Harder to unite politically FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable Justified by: 1) ”Need” to bring Chr. &“superior” Eur. Civ. to “inferior” cultures & 2) Social Darwinism: belief in “right” of strong civ’s to conquer weak ones German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Provide new mkts. & resources

  39. More complex soc Harder to unite politically Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism Brit. seizes Egypt to guard its interests in Suez Canal Henry Stanley’s travel account Interest in Afr. Br. conquers Zulus in S. Afr to protect Dutch Boers Early efforts focus on Africa as the main object of imperial expansion despite its relative unimportance to Britain’s economy. Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable Justified by: 1) ”Need” to bring Chr. &“superior” Eur. Civ. to “inferior” cultures & 2) Social Darwinism: belief in “right” of strong civ’s to conquer weak ones German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Provide new mkts. & resources Br. conquers Sudan to keep it from blocking Nile R.

  40. However, Egypt was rapidly destabilizing, so Britain annexed it as a colony to protect its investment in the Suez. The British defeat the Egyptians at Tel-el-Kebir (1882) Alexandria, Egypt after the British naval bombardment in 1882

  41. All seemed safe until an engineer named Sam Baker published an article showing how Sudan, Egypt’s southern neighbor, could cut off Egypt’s lifeline: the Nile. As ridiculous as this fear was, it prompted Britain to take over Sudan as well. SUDAN

  42. In 1898, the Sudanese, led by a religious leader known as the Mahdi, rebelled against British rule. At Omdurman (9/2/1898), 20,000 British and Egyptian troops, supported by heavily armed gunboats, shattered the suicidal assaults of the Mahdist forces. Below, the surviving rebels flee, having lost 10,000 men as opposed to only 48 British soldiers.

  43. Many times, native forces had modern European weapons in such battles. However, they still lacked the tactics, discipline, and overall mindset needed to use them effectively.

  44. The Congo "I do not want to risk...losing a fine chance to secure for ourselves a slice of this magnificent African cake.”--Leopold II Belgian Congo

  45. Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism Brit. seizes Egypt to guard its interests in Suez Canal Henry Stanley’s travel account Interest in Afr. Br. conquers Zulus in S. Afr to protect Dutch Boers Early efforts focus on Africa as the main object of imperial expansion despite its relative unimportance to Britain’s economy. Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable Justified by: 1) ”Need” to bring Chr. &“superior” Eur. Civ. to “inferior” cultures & 2) Social Darwinism: belief in “right” of strong civ’s to conquer weak ones German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Provide new mkts. & resources Br. conquers Sudan to keep it from blocking Nile R.

  46. Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism Brit. seizes Egypt to guard its interests in Suez Canal Henry Stanley’s travel account Interest in Afr. Br. conquers Zulus in S. Afr to protect Dutch Boers Early efforts focus on Africa as the main object of imperial expansion despite its relative unimportance to Britain’s economy. Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc Harder to unite politically FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Imperialism: coined in 1800s -> seen as good, - Jingoism, “by Jingo” Imperialism (1500-1750): 3 G’s (God, gold, glory) Old explan. for neo-imp Need resources-> Few profitable Justified by: 1) ”Need” to bring Chr. &“superior” Eur. Civ. to “inferior” cultures & 2) Social Darwinism: belief in “right” of strong civ’s to conquer weak ones German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Provide new mkts. & resources Br. conquers Sudan to keep it from blocking Nile R. Leopold II of Belgium seizes & mercilessly exploits the Congo

  47. Leopold II of Belgium was an unhappy king. Having only limited power over a tiny realm, he dreamed of ruling a vast empire. After looking around a bit, he settled on the Congo. Belgian Congo

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