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Enlightenment and Revolution

Explore the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment era, including the geocentric and heliocentric theories, major scientific discoveries, the Scientific Method, influential Enlightenment thinkers, and the impact on monarchy.

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Enlightenment and Revolution

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  1. Enlightenment and Revolution Chapter 18

  2. The Scientific Revolution • The Geocentric Theory • Established by Ptolemy • Was thought to be true for 1,400 years • The Heliocentric Theory • Established by Copernicus • Planets revolve around the sun • His theory is proven correct • Galileo makes advances in astronomy • Supports the heliocentric theory

  3. Ptolemy and his Universe

  4. Copernicus and his Theory

  5. Galileo

  6. Major Scientific Discoveries • Johannes Kepler • Planets move around the sun in ellipses • Isaac Newton • Theory of motion and Law of Gravity • William Harvey • The heart pumps blood • Edward Jenner • Produces the world’s first vaccine – smallpox • Robert Boyle • Air is made of gases (Boyle’s Law)

  7. Johannes Kepler and his theory

  8. Boyle Jenner Newton Harvey

  9. The Scientific Method • The Scientific Method • Series of steps for forming and testing scientific theories • Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create the Scientific Method

  10. The Enlightenment • What is the Enlightenment? • Period of the mid 1600s-1700s • Europeans believed “reason” could be used to make governments and society better • “Reason” refers to education as opposed to tradition or faith

  11. Enlightenment Thinkers – Hobbes and Locke • Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan) • Distrusts people, favored a strong government • “Social Contract” – order by giving power to a monarch • John Locke (Two Treatises on Government) • Government gets power from the people • People have the right to overthrow an unjust government • Government must protect people’s “natural rights”

  12. John Locke Thomas Hobbes

  13. Important Thinkers • Voltaire • Champion of freedom of speech and religious toleration • Denis Diderot – Encyclopedia • Set of books on Enlightenment ideas • Spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe • Montesquieu • Favored the separation of powers in government • Prevents one person from having too much power

  14. Important Thinkers (cont) • Mary Wollstonecraft • Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) • Called for women to have equal rights as men • Jean-Jacques Rousseau • Wrote The Social Contract (1762) • Everyone in a society agrees to be governed by what society as a whole wants

  15. Rousseau Wollstonecraft

  16. Voltaire Montesquieu Diderot

  17. Enlightenment and Monarchy • Enlightened Despots • Monarchs who embrace Enlightenment ideas and values to strengthen their rule • Monarchs tried to reform their countries • Education • Religious freedom, freedom of the press • Reform the justice system and abolish torture • The Enlightened Despots • Frederick the Great of Prussia • Joseph II of Austria • Catherine the Great of Russia • Peter the Great of Russia

  18. Frederick the Great Joseph II

  19. Catherine the Great Peter the Great

  20. END

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