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Students with Learning Disabilities. Written Communication: Handwriting, Spelling, and Written Expression. Handwriting Problems. Instruction in handwriting improves written expression skills
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Students with Learning Disabilities Written Communication: Handwriting, Spelling, and Written Expression
Handwriting Problems • Instruction in handwriting improves written expression skills • There are many handwriting problems including slowness, too much or too little slant, and mirror handwriting
Assessment of Handwriting Skills • Few standardized tests to measure handwriting • Informal Assessment Techniques • Close visual examination of student’s handwriting noting problem areas or error patterns
Teaching Handwriting Skills • Readiness Skills • Manuscript Writing • Transitional Writing • Cursive Writing
Development of Spelling Skills • Precommunicative spelling • Semiphonetic Spelling • Phonetic Spelling • Transitional Spelling • Correct Spelling
Assessment of Spelling Skills • Standardized and Criterion-Referenced Tests • Informal Assessment Techniques • Dictated spelling test • Informal spelling inventory • Curriculum-based measurement • Spelling error analysis • Cloze procedure • Probes
Teaching Spelling Skills • Rule-Based Instruction • Multisensory Approach • Test-Study-Test Technique • Study strategies • Fixed and Flow Word Lists • Additional Considerations
Written Expression Skills • One of highest forms of communication • Typically not acquired until person has extensive experience with reading, spelling, and verbal expression • Problems may not be diagnosed until upper elementary years
Assessment of Written Expression Skills • Standardized and Criterion-Referenced Tests • Informal Assessment Techniques • Fluency • Syntax • Vocabulary • Structure • Content • Profile of Component
Assessment of Written Expression Skills continued • Curriculum-based measurement • Portfolio assessment
Teaching Written Expression Skills • Creative and functional writing • Shift from product of writing to the process involved in creating that product • Three basic steps: • Planning, writing, and revising • Teacher should promote a positive attitude to motivate student to write
Written Expression Strategies • PENS • PLEASE • COPS • TOWER • HOW