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Bell Ringer

Bell Ringer. Eight relatives always give gifts to one another. They’ve been doing it annually now for five years. How many gifts have been given so far?. 2.3 Argument. What is an argument?. An argument is a complex claim used to ____________ and __________ certain kinds of reasoning.

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Bell Ringer

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  1. Bell Ringer • Eight relatives always give gifts to one another. They’ve been doing it annually now for five years. How many gifts have been given so far?

  2. 2.3 Argument

  3. What is an argument? • An argument is a complex claim used to ____________ and __________ certain kinds of reasoning. • An argument is composed of two or more claims. • One must be the ________________ • The others are the ____________ for the conclusion

  4. What makes a good argument? • A good argument is one in which the conclusion __________ ________ the reasons • The conclusion does _____ necessarily follow the reasons or is _____________ by the reasons. • If the reasons are _________ and the argument is a good one, then the conclusion must be ________ as well.

  5. Simple Examples of Argument • He must be older than he says he is. He told us he was forty-two, but he has a daughter who is at least thirty years old. • Ships appear to sink out of sight as they sail away. So the Earth cannot be flat. • She didn’t turn up for their date. She obviously doesn’t really want to be his girlfriend. If she’d wanted a serious relationship with him she wouldn’t have missed the date.

  6. Argument Indicator Words • Argument indicator words are words used before the conclusion of an argument. • So • Therefore • These facts show that • Must • Cannot • Should • Hence • Thus • Not necessary to include an argument indicator if reasoning is clear without it. In this case, the conclusion may be stated first, followed by the reasons

  7. Reason Indicator Words • ‘____________’ is a more formal word for a reason in an argument • Because • Since • Given that • Not necessary to include a reason indicator if reasoning is clear without it.

  8. Standard Format of Presenting an Argument • List reasons first, then state conclusion. • The reasons are numbered and separated from the conclusion by a horizontal line • Reconstructing an argument in standard form helps to make the reasoning clear and assists in subsequent evaluation.

  9. Rewrite the argument using standard format • People who diet lose weight. Falstaff cannot have dieted. He hasn’t lost weight.

  10. Rewrite the argument using standard format • Ships appear to sink lower and lower the further they are from land. But they cannot actually be sinking, or they would not come back. Also sailors have proved that if you set off in one general direction, for example east or west, and keep going, you eventually arrive back where you started from. These facts show that the Earth cannot be flat. Besides, photographs have been taken from space that show the Earth’s curvature.

  11. Homework • Critical Reasoning pp. 11-12 Exercise 1/#1-10 all If the statement is an argument, rewrite using the standard format of presenting an argument • Crossing the River with Dogs Read pp. 11-20. Try the example problems while you are reading. Bring your CRWD book on Tuesday.

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