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Self and Moral Development in Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence

Self and Moral Development in Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence. The Life Span Human Development for Healthcare Professionals, Chapter 7. Self-Concept . The Development of Self-Concept

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Self and Moral Development in Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence

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  1. Self and Moral Development in Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence The Life Span Human Development for Healthcare Professionals, Chapter 7

  2. Self-Concept • The Development of Self-Concept • By the age of 7, we have the foundation for our self-concept laid, the next step is to build upon that. • We build upon our self-concept as we develop cognitively. Cognitive development goes hand-in-hand with development of the self-concept. • Development of the ME and all of its subcomponents.

  3. Structure of the Self-Concept • Illustration on page 234 in Broderick & Blewitt shows that our general self-concept is a hierarchical development built of our other self-concepts. • Table 7.1 (page 235) shows the domains of self-concept across the life span. Basically it shows how each level builds towards the next. • Academic and Nonacademic self-concepts

  4. Influences on the Development of Self-Concept • James: Self-esteem is a ratio of our successes to our aspirations-or-how many times we succeed versus how many times we’ve tried. • Social comparison: basing your performance against that of a peer • Self-enhancing bias: maintaining moderately positive beliefs about ourselves when compared to others. • Downward social comparison-the type of comparison where a person compares themselves to someone less competent, successful when the person’s self-esteem is at stake.

  5. Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Differences • Girls tend to “lose voice” when they enter the school setting (Brown & Gilligan, 1992). • Cultural roles of girls/women • Teacher/student interactions • Becomes a way of holding connections with others, even though they lose their ability to form/express their own opinion. • Self-esteem slide: adults believing girls have lower self-esteem may lead to that lower self-esteem.

  6. Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Differences • Race & Ethnicity • Doll study findings • Strategies for maintaining self-esteem • attributing negative feedback to the prejudice maintained by the advanced majority • Make social comparisons to their ethnic group instead of the advanced majority • Enhance the self-concepts for their groups at which they excel.

  7. The Moral Self • Morality: the ability to make decisions based on what’s right and wrong and preferring to act in a way that is best described as being “right”. • Conscience: an internalized set of standards and principles that guides our behavior • Knowledge of morals is not a guarantee that they’ll be followed • Since 1982, the number of K-12 students that have self-reported cheating in school has risen from approximately 30% to over 65%.

  8. Some Classic Theories of Moral Development • Freud: our morals are based upon fights between our id and our super-ego: the super-ego develops to keep the id from becoming too out of control.

  9. Some Classic Theories of Moral Development

  10. Some Classic Theories of Moral Development • Kohlberg’s Theories • Preconventional • Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation • Stage 2: Concrete, individualistic orientation • Conventional • Stage 3: Social-relational perspective • Stage 4: Member of society perspective • Postconventional • Stage 5: Prior rights and social contract • Stage 6: Universal ethical principles

  11. The Moral Self (revisited) • Children’s Prosocial Behavior • Altruism • Emotions as a source of helping behavior • Empathy • Sympathy

  12. Children’s Antisocial Behavior • Antisocial behavior is often found in children that have not achieved very high levels of moral development. We see different types and onsets: • Early-starter: starts before the age of 5 • Can lead to numerous other problems • Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder • Antisocial Personality Disorder • Adolescent onset: behavior begins in early adolescence.

  13. Children’s Antisocial Behavior • Influences on development of antisocial behavior • Physiological and Neuropsychological Influences • Environmental Influences • Coercive Family Interaction • Social Cognitive Influences • Social Information Processing • Hostile Attributional Bias

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