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International Colloquium “Renewable Energy Sources: Environmental and Social Issues”

International Colloquium “Renewable Energy Sources: Environmental and Social Issues” Oporto (Portugal), 23rd September 2009 The results of the work of CIGRÉ WG C3.05 “Environmental impact of Dispersed Generation (DG)” Dr. Thomas Smolka, Convener of WG C3.05.

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International Colloquium “Renewable Energy Sources: Environmental and Social Issues”

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  1. International Colloquium “Renewable Energy Sources: Environmental and Social Issues” Oporto (Portugal), 23rd September 2009 The results of the work of CIGRÉ WG C3.05 “Environmental impact of Dispersed Generation (DG)” Dr. Thomas Smolka, Convener of WG C3.05

  2. Emission and greenhouse-gasreduction in future Energy systems Limitation of the political-economical dependency on energy imports Increasing prices of fossil fuels caused by resource limitations and cost-intensive exploration Ensuring access to cheap and high quality use-energy Integration of dispersed generation (mainly renewables) in future power grids Total energy consumption, EJ Electric energy consumption TWh 30,000 1000 Electric energy 20,000 500 Total energy 10,000 Forecast by IEA Year 1998 2000 2010 Motivation – global trends and prerequisites • Expected energy consumption growth (2000-2020): • total energy: + 2.5 %/a • electric energy: + 3,5 %/a • Adaption of installed power generation and transmission resp. distribution capacity required

  3. Change in Power Generation in each Country Example: Energy Generation Mix Scenarios for Germany in 2030 • Increasing renewable power • Gas (incl. Biogas) is the dominating energy source • High increase of Renewables in the system

  4. Climate Change Effects in different Scenarios • General trend of reduced emissions in all scenarios

  5. Aim of the Working Group Mission • The aim of the working group is to define procedures and methods to evaluate the environmental impact of Dispersed Generation (DG). • The WG shall proceed by developing the steps that follow: • • Collection and analysis of practical experience (from technical literatures and/or “case studies”) about assessments of the environmental impacts of DG and of legislation and technical standards in various countries. • • Synthesis and benchmarking of methods and experiences-> Identification of critical issues. • • Definition of criteria and proposal of a standardized methodology. • • Illustration of methodology in a case study • • Dissemination of conclusions (Target Groups: National and Local Authorities and Agencies, Regulators, Manufacturers, Electric Utilities)

  6. Difficulties in the Definitionof Dispersed Generation How should DG be defined?

  7. WG C3.05 defines Dispersed Generation (slightly modified to to CIGRE SC C6, WG 37-23 definition from 1999): today not centrally despatched today not centrally planned connected to the distribution network (MV, LV) smaller than 50 MW based on co-generation units (heat and electricity), renewable energies or other conventional sources Examples for DG are micro turbines, internal combustion engines, wind energy and photovoltaic converters, mini hydropower systems, biomass and waste material power systems fuel cells, etc.. Definition of Dispersed Generation

  8. RAW MATERIALEXTRACTION Life cycle of a product or system P R O D U C T I O N D I S P O S A L UTILIZATION LCA Methodology by ISO 14042ff • Life-Cycle Assessment approach is a proven methodology for environmental impact assessment of any product or technical system • Work flow • Definition of a methodology/model for assessing the environmental impacts of DG • Explanation of the procedure by case studies

  9. Impact categories and areas of protection Areas of protection Climate change Resource depletion Land use Water use Human toxic effects Ozone depletion Photochemical ozone creation Ecotoxic effects Eutrophication Acidification Resources Human Health Natural Environment

  10. System Level • Operation of DG with other DG units in distribution networks influenced by centralized power plants • System aspects on component level view not included e.g. • Impacts by Cogenerated heat • Impacts by reduced/increased power losses • Which scenario of DG in power grids leads to minimized emissons? • Results NOT available or known over the whole lifetime of DG in operation in a distribution network • Component Level • Environmental Impacts of different technologies (over whole lifecycle)e.g. WEC approx. 20-30 g CO2/kWh • Results available by LCA studies for all DG technologies New Analysis on System Level necessary Operation of DG in Distribution Networks Different Approaches for Environmental Impact Evaluation of DG

  11. g CO2/kWhel g SO2/kWhth t CO2/a .... Energy - Flows in Distribution Networks

  12. Scenario Analysis as Tool in Case Study Analysis

  13. Future Topics in Distribution Networks Assessment of dispersed electric vehicles in distribution networks • Can electric vehicles offer new ancillary services for the power grid? • How should the vehicles be integrated to ensure a sustainable mobility and higher energy efficiency in future smart grids?

  14. Thank you very much for your attention! Questions?

  15. Backup

  16. Basic conditions Software based LCA • External conditions • Installation & Manufacturing • Political demands, generation-mix out of HV • Materials, energy consumption • Operation • Asset management & Disposal • Power Generation, Energy Demand, Transmission losses, SF6 losses, etc. • Service and maintenance Technical analysis Environmental impacts • Global Warming Potential, Acidification Potential, Eutrophication Potential, etc. LCA of a Distribution Network with DG

  17. Key questions for a global procedure • How can environmental impacts of dispersed generation in distribution grids be measured (methodology -> Life-Cycle Assessment, Eco-Efficiency)? • How to deal with technical impacts on the system e.g. reduced power losses, cogenerated heat? • Under which conditions has distributed generation (DG) advantages to today‘s power plants (ecological and economical) ? • Does a wide decentralisation lead to less emissions in distribution networks or should the central power generation structure be maintained?

  18. DG Technology Efficiency of current und future DG technologies might be considered due to long operation times of DG in distribution networks-> time dependence of evaluation -> importance for power grid planning Operating modes of DG (heat, power or net optimized operation) Lifetime of components Generation costs and CO2 trading Impacts on the system level Power and Heat Reduction out of the overlaying system Reduced power losses -> reduced emissions? Efficiency of current und future of large power plant technologies Allocation Consumer Side’s Influence Uncertainties in heat and power demand of consumers (time dependent) Influence on energy efficiency programs on consumer behavior Critical Issues by influencing parameters integrated in the balanceobject

  19. Technical Model of Electrical Energy Supply

  20. Technical Model of Thermal Energy Supply

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