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Scientific Revolution 1450-1650

Scientific Revolution 1450-1650. I. The old theory A. In 1500, most Europeans believed the earth was the unmoving center of the Universe. 1. Expanding outward in perfect circles were the Moon, sun, planets, and stars orbiting in perfect circles 2. Outermost sphere was inhabited by God

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Scientific Revolution 1450-1650

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  1. Scientific Revolution 1450-1650

  2. I. The old theory • A. In 1500, most Europeans believed the earth was the unmoving center of the Universe. • 1. Expanding outward in perfect circles were the Moon, sun, planets, and stars orbiting in perfect circles • 2. Outermost sphere was inhabited by God • 3. The closer to God, the more perfect the sphere

  3. Aristotelian/Ptolemaic System

  4. B. Europeans liked this model • 1. Matched experience, observation, and common sense • 2. handed down from ancients (Aristotle & Ptolemy) • 3. it fit the biblical revelation • 4. (planets actually stop, reverse, reverse, and continue) the loop de loop

  5. II. Reconcile observation not with Scripture, but with reason • A. 1542, Copernicus suggests that the sun is at the center of a solar system (Earth is 3rd) • B. 1632, Galileo questions Aristotelian ideas • 1. first to turn new telescope to the heavens • A. Surface of the Moon is pitted, cratered, and irregular • B. Surface of the Sun is marked by spots • C. Jupiter has moons of its own • D. Venus has phases • E. Many more stars than previously thought

  6. 2. None of this fit what people knew and believed • 3. 1532, Galileo published Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems of the World • 4. Church threatens excommunication and torture; Galileo abjures his book • 5. ideas spread north (printing press!!)

  7. The methods of torture most used by the Inquisition were garrucha, toca and the potro. The application of the garrucha, also known as the strappado, consisted of suspending the criminal from the ceiling by a pulley with weights tied to the ankles, with a series of lifts and drops, during which arms and legs suffered violent pulls and were sometimes dislocated.[30] The toca, also called tortura del agua, consisted of introducing a cloth into the mouth of the victim, and forcing them to ingest water spilled from a jar so that they had impression of drowning.[31] The potro, the rack, was the instrument of torture used most frequently.[32]

  8. Galileo – 1989- 2002 14 years to reach Jupiter

  9. Apology • In October 1992, Cardinal Paul Poupard presented the Pope with the findings of the Galileo study commission, which declared, "From the Galileo case we can draw a lesson which is applicable today in analogous cases which arise in our times and which may arise in the future. It often happens that, beyond two partial points of view which are in contrast, there exists a wider view of things which embraces both and integrates them." By Vatican standards, this rotund language was an apology. The Pope responded by saying that Galileo's realizations about the sun and earth must have been divinely inspired: "Galileo sensed in his scientific research the presence of the Creator who, stirring in the depths of his spirit, stimulated him, anticipating and assisting his intuitions." Through its 1992 ceremony, the church finally lifted its edict of Inquisition against Galileo, who went to his grave a devout catholic.

  10. Kepler’s idea • C. 1630, Kepler proposed that the planets did not circle the Sun, but revolved elliptically

  11. III. How these discoveries happened: The Scientific Method • A. Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler did not follow traditional medieval methods • 1.Medival scholars worked deductively, assuming a first principle • 2. C, G, and K say “NO FIRST PRINCIPLES!”

  12. 3. They work inductively, making no prior assumptions • A. Collected facts and gathered observations • B. From all the facts, they devised theories • C. Theories were translated into mathematics • D. Theories could be modified • E. This pioneers the scientific method, missing only one part • B. 1626, Sir Francis Bacon proposed the next step: experimentation – test the theory

  13. C. Europeans produce an explosion of new knowledge • 1. France • Pascal – the adding machine • Descartes – optics and mathematics • 2. The Netherlands • Von Leeuwenhoek – the microscope • Huygens – treatise on light • Dutch universities use dissection for good medical training • 3. England • Harvey – circulation of the blood • Boyle – law of pressure and volume (pv=nrt) • Halley – predicts orbits of heavenly bodies (comets)

  14. D. Sir Isaac Newton put it all together • 1. as college undergraduate, gets idea of gravity • 2. three laws of motion • A body at rest or in movement remains so unless and until a force is applied to it • The change in motion is proportional to the force exerted • Every action produces an opposite reaction • 3. to demonstrate motion, invents calculus

  15. 4. 1687, Newton publishes Principia • God’s universe ran according to natural laws that were unchanging, rational, mathematical, and discoverable

  16. E. This discovery was a revolution • 1. Humans can discover nature’s secrets • 2. Humans can discover nature’s remedies • a cure disease • B increase food supply • C divert mighty bodies of water • D build greater buildings • E perhaps, they could fly • 3. Less controlled by God? Not atheists, but deists

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