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Completing the Picture Canada After Confederation

Completing the Picture Canada After Confederation. Northwest Territories. Americans (yes, them again) had purchased Alaska in 1867 and wanted more (Manifest Destiny) The Hudson's Bay Company wanted to sell, but the British government made it clear it wanted it to be sold to Canada

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Completing the Picture Canada After Confederation

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  1. Completing the PictureCanada After Confederation

  2. Northwest Territories • Americans (yes, them again) had purchased Alaska in 1867 and wanted more (Manifest Destiny) • The Hudson's Bay Company wanted to sell, but the British government made it clear it wanted it to be sold to Canada • The Hudson's Bay Company sold the land to Canada and the Northwest Territories entered Confederation in 1870

  3. Northwest Territories

  4. Manitoba • In 1870, Manitoba became the first province added to Canada post-Confederation after…

  5. Red River Resistance • After the sale of Rupert’s Land from the Hudson’s Bay Company to the Government of Canada… • Land surveyors and land speculators moved into the area, which resulted in… • Angry settlers in the Red River Settlement, who were upset that the government hadn’t consulted them

  6. Red River Resistance • Led by Louis Riel, the Métis National Committee was established to handle land issues • Riel established a provisional government to negotiate the region’s entrance into Confederation • Riel met with John A. Macdonald, who refused to negotiate with the Métis…

  7. Red River Resistance • Concern over the possibility of a civil war increased as the Canadian Party (Schultz) was armed and ready • Louis Riel captured Schultz and took him to Métis-occupied Fort Garry but Schultz escapes… • Schultz travels to Ottawa and tells of Scott’s execution before Riel is able to arrive

  8. Red River Resistance • Macdonald eventually heard the case and admitted Manitoba into Confederation, but with conditions • Manitoba became the fifth province, the small chunk of land carved out of the Northwest Territories • Macdonald dispatched troops to area to keep the peace and Louis Riel fled to USA

  9. British Columbia • In 1871, British Columbia became the next province added to Canada post-Confederation

  10. British Columbia • By 1869, Britain was encouraging BC to join Confederation and the following year a delegation travelled to negotiate • Asking for a road, Canada promised the colony a railway linking the colony to the rest of the country • Canada pledged that construction would begin within two years and be completed in ten years

  11. British Columbia • Canada also agreed to take over the colony's debt of almost $1.5 million and provide an annual subsidy of $216,000 • With little regard for the claims of the Indian nations in the colony, British Columbia entered Confederation in 1871 • Canada was now a nation that reached from sea to sea… or it would be once the railway was constructed!

  12. Pacific Scandal • In 1872, a railway contract was awarded to a syndicate led by Sir Hugh Allan, a Canadian financier • Allan was a large contributor to the Conservative party, and allegations of corruption arose the following year • Macdonald would resign and cancel the contract later that year, and the Conservatives would lose the next election

  13. Prince Edward Island • Prince Edward Island was next to join the union, becoming the seventh province in 1873.

  14. Prince Edward Island • Prince Edward Island were tempted by Confederation in 1867, but ultimately declined to join at that time • Canada was fearful they might join the United States and again attempted to convince PEI to join Confederation • The colony was eventually persuaded to join in 1873 after Canada offered help to buy land from British landowners, etc.

  15. National Policy • Introduced protective tariffs to keep American goods out of Canada... split public opinion • Encouraged settlement of the West by placing farmers on the prairies so they could produce grain for export • Complete the Canadian Pacific Railway, which would finally tie all of the various parts of the country together

  16. North-West Rebellion • Métis had moved westward after the Canadian Government refused to acknowledge their sovereignty • Métis asked for title to their land and financial aid to become farmers… both requests were denied • Government’s desire to build railroad forced the sale of western land for revenue and the scaling back of aid

  17. North-West Rebellion • In 1884, Gabriel Dumont headed to Montana to retrieve Louis Riel from his exile in the United States • Riel returned with peaceful intentions, drafting a new Métis Bill of Rights, but he was ignored by Canada • He was seen as a threat and Macdonald used that to generate public money for the railroad

  18. North-West Rebellion • Riel felt force was the only option, but he had support of just a couple Aboriginal groups. Still... • The Métis achieved more military battles during the conflict, but they were unable to sustain their momentum • Lacking arms and supplies they surrendered, hoping the government would hear their pleas...

  19. North-West Rebellion • Aboriginal leaders Poundmaker and Big Bear as well as Louis Riel were all tried for high treason • The Aboriginal leaders each received three years in jail… Riel was hanged dividing public opinion... • Though the hanging of Riel had a negative effect on French-English relations, it finally led to completion of railroad

  20. Manitoba Schools Question • In 1890, the Manitoba government passed legislation removing funding for Catholic schools • The same year, they passed an act which made English the only official language in the province • Given the ties between religious schools and language, these decisions upset a number of people in the area and elsewhere

  21. Manitoba Schools Question • The Manitoba Schools Question was a huge talking point during the federal election in 1896 • Wilfrid Laurier won the election based on his promises to find a solution to the problem • He came up with a compromise where French would be used in schools that had a minimum of 10 French-speaking students

  22. Wilfrid Laurier • In addition to his work at finding a compromise to the Manitoba School Question, Wilfrid Laurier... • Led Canada through a period of rapid growth through immigration and industrialization • The first francophone Prime Minister, Laurier is often considered to be one of Canada’s greatest leaders

  23. Yukon • The discovery of gold in 1896 and the Klondike Gold Rush was the event that resulted in the formation of the Yukon • An estimated 30,000 to 40,000 people, many of them Americans (yes, them again) flooded the region by 1898 • The influx of Americans convinced the Canadian government to create a separate territory to better control the situation

  24. Alberta • Alberta and Saskatchewan both joined the union in 1905, forged out of the North-West Territories.

  25. Alberta • Alberta was a district of the North-West Territories in the early-1900s, but local leaders wanted provincial status • Frederick Haultain pushed for a large province encompassing both Alberta and Saskatchewan • Laurier saw a single province as one with too much power and chose to add the two separate provinces in 1905

  26. Saskatchewan • Saskatchewan joined the union along with Alberta in 1905, forged out of the North-West Territories (you may have heard this before).

  27. Saskatchewan • The population growth in the North-West Territories had led to calls for the establishment of a separate province • Frederick Haultain felt they should be able to collect taxes to pay for schools and other services the population demanded • In 1905, districts of Assiniboia, Athabasca and Saskatchewan amalgamated and joined Alberta in Confederation

  28. Newfoundland • Newfoundland was the last province to join Confederation, doing so in 1949

  29. Newfoundland • The people of Newfound were divided on the idea of Confederation for many years • Canada offered to help develop the colony as Britain no longer wanted to support Newfoundland • Joey Smallwood was instrumental in convincing the people to vote in favour of joining Canada, which they did in 1949

  30. Nunavut • Nunavut was born out of Inuit desire to gain control over their own lands and resources in the Arctic • In years past, decisions had been made about Confederation and the use of their lands without consultation • They negotiated to regain control of their land as a territory joined to Canadaand became Canada’s third territory in 1999

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