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1. t3@M 1 tH3 0uT3r pl@n3t$ @Nd c0mEt$ Finger, Brian Warren, Campbell Haupt, Eric Diaz, Brooke

2. 0u+eR Pl@n3t$ T@bl3

3. 0uT3R pL@n3t$ • The outer planets are Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune. • The outer planets are much larger and more massive than Earth, and they do not have solid surfaces. • The outer planets are gas giants because they are so large and made of gas.

4. pL@n3T F@Ct$ • Jupiter: has a red pot that is an eternal storm that is larger than Earth. It is so big it almost turned into a Sun. • Saturn: Saturn’s rings are made up of small chunks of ice and rocks, each traveling in its own orbit around Saturn. • Uranus: Its most interesting fact is that its axis is about 90 degrees from the vertical. • Neptune: it’s a cold, blue planet. And its atmosphere contains visible clouds.

5. c0M3t$ • Large clumps of dust and Ice, that can potentially have cataclysmic impacts on planets if they collide with them. • The origin of the comet originated in the very beginning of our galaxies. • Most known comets have either originated from the Kuiper belt or Oort cloud. • The kuiper belt is a donut shaped region that extends through beyond Neptune's orbit to about 100 times earth distance from the sun. • The Oort cloud is a spherical region of comets that surrounds the solar system from about 1000 to 10000 times the distance between Pluto and the sun.

6. P@rT$ 0f @ C0m3+ • Head: the solid inner part of a comet that’s made up of ice and rock. • Tail: some of the gas and dust from the coma is realized from the head of the comet and forms a tail. The tails always point away from the sun and can stretch 100 million kilometers.

7. Inner Planets and AsteroidsTeam 2 Trevor Cruz, Gabi Morgan, Reagan Holly, Trevor Giannini, Emily Fleming

8. Inner Planets • The inner planets consist of Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars • All inner planets share a feature of rocky surfaces and landscapes

9. Mercury • Smallest terrestrial planet • Closest planet to the Sun • Mercury has no moons • The planet itself is the size of Earth’s moon • Inside is made of dense iron metal • The surface consists of flat craters • There is virtually no atmosphere because gravity is too weak to hold in particles • Weather reaches extremes because of no insulation

10. Venus • Venus is called Earth’s twin because it is similar in size. • It rotates east to west instead of west to east like most planets. • Its surface is very cloudy because of its atmosphere. • Most of the clouds are droplets of sulfuric acid. • The pressure of the atmosphere is 90 times greater than Earth. • The average temperature on Venus is 460 degrees C. which is enough to melt lead.

11. Earth • 3rd planet from the Sun • Rotation period: 24 hours (1 day) • Revolution period: 365.25 days (1 year) • They only planet in our solar system able to support life

12. Mars • Mars is called the red planet due to the breakdown of iron-rich rocks, which creates a rusty color over Mars. • Its atmosphere is 95 % Carbon Dioxide • Its temperature is -140 degrees Celsius to 20 degrees Celsius. • Scientists believe that flowing water might have been on Mars in a distant past, but water is now frozen at its north and south polar ice caps. • Mars has seasons just like Earth because it is tilted on its axis. • Mars used to have flowing volcanoes but are not currently active. • Olympus Mons is the biggest volcano in the solar system which is on Mars. • Mars has 2 small moons, Phobos and Deimos.

13. Asteroids • Mostly are located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, a place called the asteroid belt, making fairly circular orbits • They are too small and too numerous to be considered planets • The largest asteroid was recently named a dwarf planet • They are not the remains of a shattered planet, but are instead leftover pieces of the early solar system, that never became a planet • Some asteroids have very elliptical orbits, sometimes bringing them closer to the sun than Earth • Some day Earth could get hit by one, like it did 65 million years ago, which scientists hypothesize is what killed the dinosaurs

14. Team 3 Satellites, meteors, meteoroids, and meteorites. Nolan, Caleb, Paladin, Jacob, and Axel.

15. Satellites • Satellite – an object that orbits another object in space. • Hundreds are in orbit today. • Transmit signals for telephones, televisions, radio, and computer data. • Used for many daily tasks such as emails and phone calls. • Used for tracking weather systems, mapping Earth’s surface, and observing changes in Earth’s environment. • Geostationary Orbit – A satellite that orbits around Earth at the equator at the same rate the Earth spins so it is always at the same space.

16. There are also large satellites that people can live in such as the International Space station. This is the most known one. • Another such one was the Russian station Mir, this station stayed in orbit for 15 years until it fell to earth in 2001.

17. Meteoroids • A meteoroid is a chunk of rock or dust in space. They come from comets or asteroids. • Some are not in the asteroid belt. • Some craters on the moon were formed by meteoroids.

18. Meteors • When a meteoroid enters the earth’s atmosphere they turn into a meteor. • Meteors catch on fire because of the friction and are seen as a ball of light. • Meteor showers happen several times a year.

19. Meteorites • Meteorites are when a meteoroid strikes earth’s surface leaving a crater. • The meteorite will be on the Earth.

20. Team 4: Black Holes, Dark Matter & Dark Energy By, Samantha, Rachel, Aly, Alex & Ashley

21. Black Holes • Black holes- an object with gravity so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. • After a large star dies, in a supernova explosion, more than five times the mass of the sun may be left. • The gravity of this mass is so strong that the gas is pulled inward, packing the gas into a smaller and smaller space. • The gas becomes so tightly packed that the intense gravity will keep it from escaping.

22. Dark Matter • Not only does it give off no visible light, but its also dark across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. • Dark matter is so invisible that astronomers can’t even detect its presence in our solar system. • Yet on scales of millions of light years, it is the dominant source of gravity. • There is no gamma rays, x rays, waves of ultraviolet, infrared, microwaves, or radio frequency from dark matter anywhere.

23. Dark Energy • Dark energy is causing the expansion of the universe to speed up • Current guesses indicate that most of the universe is made of dark energy and dark matter. • Astronomers believe that only a small amount of the universe (less than five percent) is composed of normal matter that can be seen.

24. Team #5 Dana, Lydia, David, and Autumn Space Exploration and Telescopes

25. Telescopes: Main points and vocabulary Refracting Telescope Electromagnetic radiation is energy that can travel through space in the form of waves. Visible light is all the colors that you can see. Wave length is the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next wave. Spectrum is a range of different colors with different wave lengths. Telescopes are instruments that collect and focus light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation. Optical telescopes are telescopes that use lenses and mirrors to collect and focus visible light.

26. Telescopes continued… Convex lenses are a piece of transparent glass, curved so that the middle is thicker than the edges. There are two main types of telescopes: refracting and reflecting. Refracting telescopes use convex lenses to gather and focus light. Reflecting telescopes use a curved mirror to collect and focus light.

27. Telescopes continued… Reflecting Telescope Radio telescopes are devices used to detect radio waves from objects in space. Issac Newton built the first telescope. An observatory is a building that houses one or more telescopes. Many large observatories are located on mountaintops or in space. Different types of telescopes collect electromagnetic radiation at different wavelengths. Astronomers are able to learn a great deal about nebulas by examining the different types of electromagnetic radiation.

28. Space Exploration: Main points and vocabulary Sputnik I The space race began in 1957 when the Soviets launched the satellite Sputnik I into orbit. The United States responded by sending up its own space program. The American effort to land astronauts on the moon was named the Apollo Program. NASA has used space shuttles to perform many important tasks. These include taking satellites into orbit and carrying astronauts and equipment to and from space stations.

29. Space Exploration continued… International Space Station A space station provides a place where long-term observation and experiments can be carried out in space. Each space probe has a power system, communication system, and scientific instruments. Conditions in space that differ from those on Earth include near vacuum, extreme temperatures, and microgravity. A satellite is an object that revolves around another object in space.

30. Space Exploration continued… A space shuttle is a spacecraft that can carry a crew into orbit, return to Earth, and then be reused for the same purpose. A space station is a large artificial satellite on which people can live and work for long periods. A space probe is a spacecraft that carries scientific instruments that can collect data, but has no human crew. Rovers are small robots that move around on the surface.

31. Space Exploration continued… NASA has planned the future expeditions to the International Space Stations #31 up to 39. They also are preparing the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission to study Mar’s upper atmosphere, which will launch in 2013. There are multiple companies offering commercial spaceflight, such as Blue Origin, Sierra Nevada, SpaceX, Boeing, and Virgin Galactic. The company Space Adventures charges $15 million to be a space tourist, and another $15 million if you want to go the to the International Space Station.

32. Telescopes: Main points and vocabulary Refracting Telescope Electromagnetic radiation is energy that can travel through space in the form of waves. Visible light is all the colors that you can see. Wave length is the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next wave. Spectrum is a range of different colors with different wave lengths. Telescopes are instruments that collect and focus light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation. Optical telescopes are telescopes that use lenses and mirrors to collect and focus visible light.

33. Team 6Bailey SilversMikayla FaccintoBrys LutherDiamond Escobedo The sun and the formation of the solar system

34. The Sun • The sun is a large ball of fire. Its hydrogen gas came into existence with the ‘Big Bang’. • The ‘Big Bang’ is a theory that the universe originated between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from the cataclysmic explosion of a small volume of matter at extremely high density and temperature.

35. The Sun, Nuclear Fusion • The sun produces energy through nuclear fusion. • Nuclear fusion is when two atomic nuclei combine and form in a larger more massive nucleus and release energy.

36. Layers: Core • There are three layers of the sun. The first one is the core. The core is the central region and it can reach 15 million degrees Celsius. The core is about 30 times Earth’s diameter. • The radiation zone is a region of very tightly packed gas where energy is transferred mainly in the form of electromagnetic radiation.

37. Radiation Zone • The radiation zone is a region of very tightly packed gas where energy is transferred mainly in the form of electromagnetic radiation. • Because the radiation zone is so dense, energy can take more than 100,000 years to move through it.

38. Convection Zone • The convection zone is the outer most layer of the sun’s interior. Hot gasses start from the bottom and as they rise they get cooler in temperature. • The cooler gasses sink back down and it creates a cycle.

39. Formation of the Solar System • The solar system was formed 4.6 billion years ago. • A cloud of gas and dust formed a spinning disk. The gas in the center of the disk collapsed to form the sun. The remaining gas and dust formed the planets and gravity pulled them into orbit.

40. Questions • What is Hubble’s Law? It states that the further away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from us. • What is the theory that describes the formation of the universe? The Big Bang Theory. • What did our solar system form from? Gas and dust that separated and formed galaxies.

41. Layers of the sun Solar system Pictures