Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०

1. Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षातथाधुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०

2. zf/Ll/s Jofofd • df+;k]zL k|f0ffnL • /St ;+rf/ • :jf:Yo ;'wf/ Aune Greggas

3. df+;k]zL k|0ffnL • df+;k]zL k|0ffnLn] tkfO{sf] z/L/sf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u5{, z/L/sf] ;'/Iff u5{ / zlQm k|bfg u5{ . • tkfO{sf] z/L/df ePsf] @)^ j6f xf8x? 4f/f lgld{t s+sfn g} z/L/sf] ;+/rgf xf] • z/L/4f/f lgld{t rfnx?sf] pTkfbg / lgoGq0f ug]{ sfd z/L/df ePsf ^$) j6f s+sfn df;+k]zLx?n] ub{5 . Aune Greggas

4. s+sfn÷xf8sf] ?k/]vf • vKk/n] lulbsf] ;''/Iff ub{5 . • d]?b08 dfbn cfsf/sf xf8x?4f/f ag]sf x'G5g\ . • s/·n] d'6', kmf]S;f], sn]hf], d[uf}nf / k]6sf] ;'/Iff lbG5 . • k5f8L k'¶f] / uf]8fsf] x¸Ln] lx+8\8'n ug{ / kfv'/f / xftsf x¸Ln] ;fdfg ;fg]{ sfd ug{ ;lhnf] jgfpb5 .  http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihmisen_luuranko Skeleton has 206 bones.

5. xf8x? • s+sfn xf8x?4f/f lgld{t x'G5 . • xf8x? xn'sf t/ alnof x'G5g\.z/L/sf] hDdf tf}nsf] !$Ü SofN;Lod xf84f/f aGb5 . • z/L/df hDdf ePsf] vlgh, SoflN;od / km;kmf]/;n] xf8nfO{ dha't agfpFb5 . http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/MuscleStriated.gif Diagram of a bone. The bones are of living material. If there is too little calcium in the food, the body begins to use the calcium in the bones.

6. xf8x? lhljt tGt' x'g\ • xf8x? lhljt tGt' x'g\ . • xf8sf] a[l4 xf8sf] clGtd efudf x'g] u5{ . s'g} s'g} xf8x?df h]nL h:t} g/d x8\8L–df;L x'G5 . • k|To]s xf8df ljz]if k|sf/sf sf]ifLsf x'G5g\ h;nfO{ cl:6of]Anf:6;\ elgG5, h;4f/f xf8sf] agfj6 gljs/0f ub{5 . http://www.foothealthfacts.org/footankleinfo/Bone_Healing.htm If a bone breaks, it can be healed in a couple of months.

7. hf]gL{x? http://www.scoi.com/sholanat.htm • xf8x? w]/} lsl;dn] Ps cfk;df hf]8LPsf x'G5g\ . • cfwf/e"t hf]gL{x? lo x'g\ M s'd, s'O{gf], xftsf] gfl/, k'¶f], 3'8f], uf]nLuf7f] / 9f8 . http://www.scoi.com/hip.htm http://www.scoi.com/elboanat.htm http://www.scoi.com/kneeanat.htm http://www.scoi.com/handanat.htm http://www.scoi.com/anklanat.htm http://www.scoi.com/spinanat.htm http://www.scoi.com/spinanat.htm

8. :gfo' aGwg • :gfo' eg]sf] Tof] tGt'–hfnf] xf] h;n] df+;k]zL nfO{ xf8;Fu cyjf Pp6f df+;k]zLnfO{ csf]{ df+;k]zL;Fu afFw]]sf] x'G5 . lo k|foh;f] dl;gf 8f]/L h:Tf TofGb|fsf] d'8f h:tf x'G5g\ . • cf}nfx?sf] rfn klg log} :gfo"df e/kb{5, h;n] cf}nf / s'xgf]nfO{ Ps cfk;df afFw]sf] x"G5 . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand Muscles and tendons in the hand.

9. cflrN; :gfo' aGwg • ;a}eGbf d'Vo :gfo"df cflrN; :gfo' xf] . h;n] v'§fsf] k5f8L kl§sf] s's'{RrfnfO{ dfly p7fpg] sfd ub{5 . • To:t} cuf8L kl§sf] cf}+nf j/Lk/Lsf] efu / s's'{Rrfsf] df+;k]zLnfO{ :gfo'åf/f hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon Achilles tendon

10. lnufd]G6 -xf8x?nfO{ afFWg] 8f]/L_ • lnufd]G6 eGgfn] To:tf dl;gf TofGb|fx? x'g\ h;n] xf8nfO{ dha"t agfpg xf8sf] hf]gL{ afFlwPsf] x'G5 . • ltgLx? sf]nfh]g / Ps k|sf/ tlGsg] j:t', h;nfO{ Onf:6Lg elgG5, åf/f d'7f–d'7fsf] ?kdf ag]sf] x'G5 . • lnufd]G6n] cGo w]/} c+ux?nfO{ klg ;xf/f lbPsf x'G5 h:t} sn]hf], lkQy}nL / kf7]3/ . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee Ligaments connect bones to other bones to form a joint. In the picture ligaments in the knee.

11. l:y/tf • ha dfgj z/L/ d/]/ hfG5, df+;k]zL :gfo" / lnufd]G6 s'lxP/ hfG5g\, dfq v's'nf xl¸x? / bfFtx? afFls /xG5g\ . Timothy D. Whute, Pieter A. Folkens, Academic Press

12. s''/s'/] xf8 • s'/s'/] xf8 Ps lsl;dsf] /a8 h:tf] kbfy{ xf] . dfgj z/L/df ltg leGg k|sf/sf s'/s'/] xf8x? x'G5g\ . • kf/bzL{ s'/s'/] xf8M o;n] xf8x?sf] ljrsf] hf]gL{df c;/ kg{ glbgsf] nflu cf8 lbg] sfd u5{ . • tGt'do s'/s'/] xf8M of] Pp6f nrsbf/ xf8 xf] h'g xfjf cfbfg k|bfg x'g] c+udf k|of]u x'G5 h:t} gfs / sfg .

13. df+;k]zL • df+;k]zL eg]sf] ljz]if k|sf/sf tGt'x? x'g\ h'g z/L/sf ljleGg cu+x?df rfn lbg slxn] sl;g] / slxn] vs'nf] x'g] ub{5g\ . http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/MuscleStriated.gif Diagram of a muscle.

14. km\n]S;/ / PS;6]g;/ df+;k]zL • df+;k]zLx? cfkm} v'Drg ;S5g t/ cfkm}nfO{ nDJofpg ;Sb}gg\ . To;sf/0fn] km\n]S;/ df+;k]zL hf]gL{df v'lDrPkl5, To;nfO{ km]/L km}nfpg jf l;wfkfg{ PS;6]g;/ df+;k]zLn] ;w} e'ldsf v]Nb5 . http://scienceblogs.com/clock/upload/2006/06/muscle%20contraction.jpg Muscles can only shorten.

15. ljleGg k|sf/sf df+;k]zLx? • df+;k]zLx? ltg k|sf/sf 5g\ . !_ s+sfn df+;k]zL @_ lrKnf] df+;k]zL #_ d'6'sf] df+;k]zL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle

16. s+sfn df+;k]zL • dfgj z/L/df ^$) j6f s+sfn df+;k]zLx? x'G5g\ • s+sfn df+;k]zLx? P]lR5s df+;k]zL x'g\ . • k|foh;f] s+sfn df+;k]zLx? hf]8f hf]8f ldn]/ /x]sf x'G5g\ . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muscles_anterior_labeled.png

17. s+sfnL df+;k]zL • s+sfn df+;k]zL wsf{ wsf{ k/]sf x'G5g\ . • d'6'sf] df+;k]zLdf klg wsf{ x'G5g\ . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muscle_posterior_labeled.png

18. lrKnf] df+;k]zL • lrKnf] df+;k]zLx? P]lR5s x'G5g\ . ltlgx? :jrflnt x'G5g\ . • ;fgf] cfGb|fdf ePsf df+;k]zL lrKnf x'G5g\ . ltlgx?n] vfgfnfO{ cuf8L ws]Ng] ub{5g\ . • OR5f zlQmn][ klg lrKnf] df+;k]zLnfO{ c;/ ug{ ;Sb}g t/ dfgl;s tgfjn] lolgx?sf] sfdnfO{ ;':t agfpg ;S5 . • Soflkmgn] cfGb|sf] df+;k]zLsf] sfo{nfO{ ljkl/t c;/ b]vfpg ;Sb5 .

19. d'6'sf] df+;k]zL • d'6'sf] df+;k]zLdf To:tf df+;k]zLsf sf]lifsfx? x'G5g\ h;n] gzfsf sf]lifsfn] h:t} df+;k]zL v'lDrPsf] / sf]lifsf :yfGt/0f ePsf] ;+s]t ub{5 . • d'6'sf] df+;k]zL P]lR5s df+;k]zL xf]Og . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart Heart

20. zlQm pTkfbg • df+;k]zL tGsfpgsf] lglDt cfjZos zlQm lgDg t/Lsf4f/f k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . • cf/f]ljs cfn]S6]6 zlQm pTkfbg • cf/f]ljs nfS6]6 zlQm pTkfbg • cf/f]ljs zlQm pTkfbg

21. jfo'/lxt PnfS6]6\ • jfo'/lxt PnfS6]6 zlQm pTkfbg k|s[ofdf z/L/sf] P8]gf]l;g lq–kmf];km]6 gfdsf] kbfy{ k|of]u x'G5, h'g kbfy{ df+;k]zLsf sf]ifx?df hDdf x'g] ub{5g\ . • lt kbfy{x?åf/f dfqf, z/L/n] nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ug{ k|;:t x'b}gg\ . Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

22. jfo'/lxt NofS6]6\ • jfo'/lxt NofS6]6\ zlQm pTkfbg ug]{ k|s[ofdf P8]gf]l;g lq–kmf];km]6 gfdsf] kbfy{, sfjf]{xfO8«]6, lUnsf]lhg cyjf Unf]sf]h4f/f pTkfbg x'G5 . o;n] z/L/df b'Uw cDn 5f]8\g] ePsf]n] o;sf] sf/0fn] z/L/ yfSg] / b'Vg] klg ub{5 . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen Glycogen can storage as many as 30.000 glucose units for energy production in the body.

23. P/f]ljs • P/f]ljs zlQm k|s[ofdf, P8]gf]l;g lq= kmf];km]6 gfdsf] kbfy{, sfjf]{xfO8«]6, lrNnf] / k|f]l6gsf] sf/0fn], clS;hgsf] ;xfotfn pTkfbg x'G5 . • of] tj;Dd nuftf/ /lx/xG5 hj;Dd zlQm ;+lrt x'G5 / clS;hg klg /xG5 . h] ePtf klg o;sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf rflx l;ldt x'G5 . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking

24. P/f]ljs Jofofd • P/f]ljs Jofofdn] /Qm ;+rf/ / sd /QmrfknfO{ ;'wf5{ . • o:tf] Jofofdn] d'6'nfO{ dha"t agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 .d'6'df al9 /ut cfbfg k|bfg x'gfn] x'bo3ft x'g] vt/f sd x'G5 . o;n] /ftf] /Qm sf]lifsfsf] dfq a9fpFb5 . • Aerobic exercises: • Walking • Hiking • Running • Cycling • Swimming • Playing tennis

25. /Qm ;+rf/ • k|To]s z/L/sf ^)) ljlnog sf]lifsfx?sf] lglDt clS;hg cfjZos kb{5 . ltlgx?n] clS;hg /utdfkm{t k|fKt ub{5g\ . • /ut nuftf/ z/L/df /Qm glnx?4f/f ;+rf/ eO{/xG5g\ . http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABTvNR59K5Q&feature=player_detailpage You can look at the video of blood circulation in YouTube by MingMingchen http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABTvNR59K5Q&NR=1

26. /QmgnLx? • /QmgnLx? crDd k|sf/n] t/ qmda4 /x]sf 9'+u|f]x? x'g\ . logLx?sf] Psfkl§5]pdf 7"nf gzf / cf6{/Lsf] ;fydf d'6' hf]l8Psf] x'G5 eg] csf]{kl§ 5]pdf ;–;fgf Soflkn/L /QmgnLx? x'G5g\ . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_system

27. d'6' • d'6' Ps zlQmzfnL kDk xf] . of] df+zk];Ln] ag]sf] x'G5 . • o;sf b'O{ kf6fx? x'G5g\ . o;sf] bfFof kf6f] sdhf]/ x'G5 eg] jfFof kf6f] dha't x'G5 . • lo b'j} efudf b'O{j6f y}nLx? x'G5g\ ,h;nfO{ d]lG6«sn / cfl6{sn elgG5 . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_system Heart

28. kNdf]g/L cyf{t wdgL ;+rf/ • /Qm;+rfng k|0ffnLdf b'O{ efu x'G5g\ . ;fgf] lsl;dsf] /Qm ;+rfngnfO{ kNdf]g/L /Qm ;+rfng elgG5 . • lgnf] /ªsf] /Qmgln h;n] z/L/sf ljleGg efuaf6 cfPsf] /utnfO{ bfofF e]lG6«sn / jfofF cl6«od x'b} kNdf]g/L cf6«Lhdf k7fpF5 . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation

29. jfo'sf] kl/jt{g • kNdf]g/L cflb|hn] /utnfO{ kmf]S;f]df k7fpF5 . hxfF /ftf /Qmsf]ifn] sfj{G8fOcS;fO{8 jfo" aflx/ km\ofS5 / clS;hg lng] sfd ub{5 . • sfj{G8fOcS;fO{8 UofF;, z/L/n] zlQm vkt ubf{ pTkflbt UofF; xf] . • sfj{G8fOcS;fO{8 ePsf] /ut lgnf] /+usf] x'G5 . • ha /utaf6 sfj{G8fOcS;fO{8 lgSnG5 / clS;hg ldl;G5, /utsf] /+u /ftf] x'G5 .

30. qmlds /Qm ;+rfng • 7"nf] dfqfdf x'g] /Qm ;+rfng g} qmlds /Qm ;+rfng xf] . • o; k2lt cg';f/ 7"nf] dfqfdf clS;hg ePsf] /ut, kmf]S;f]faf6 jfofF d]lG6«sn clg jfofF cfl6«od x'b}, 7"nf] /Qm k|jfxn] Pcf]6{ clg 7"nf] cfl6«{haf6 d'6'df, dl:tisdf, cfGb|fx?df xft v'§fx?df, x/Ps df+;k]zL / cGtdf ;a} eGbf k/ Soflkn/Lx?df k'Ug] sfd x'G5 . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary

31. d'6'sf] rfn -gf8L_ • d'6' Ps ldg]6df ^)–&) k6s ;Dd w8\sG5 h;nfO{ d'6'sf] rfn elgG5 . • cf};tdf, z/L/sf] k|To]s /QmgnLx?df /ut ;+rfng x'gsf] lglDt () ;]s]G8 eGbf sd ;do nfUb5 . • d'6'sf] rfn /f]lsPdf, ;j{k|yd dl:tissf To;kl5 z/L/sf cGo efusf sf]lifsf dg{ yfNb5g\ . • s]lx ldg]6 k5f8L g} To:tf] dflg;nfO{ km]/L klxnfs} cjZyfdf Nofpg ;+efj x'b}g .

32. /ut • /ut Ps lsl;dsf] t/n kbfy{ xf] h'g z/L/df ;+rfng x'G5 . • o;df ljleGg k|sf/sf /Qm sf]lifsx? x'G5g\ M • /ftf] /Qm sf]if • ;]tf] /Qm sf]if • Kn]6n]6\; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell There are three different types of cells in the blood: red cells, white cells and platelets.

33. /Qm sf]ifx? • /ftf] /Qm sf]ifx? clS;hg / sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 af]Sg] el/ofx? x'g\ . o;leq kmnfdsf] dfqf klg x'G5 . • ;]tf] /Qm sf]lifsfx? Tolt a]nf dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf v]Nb5g\ . h'ga]nf z/L/df ;+s/d0f eO{ z/L/n] ;+3if{ ug'{ k/]sf] x'G5 . • Kn]6n]6\;n] /ut aUg /f]Sg] sfd ub{5 . Red blood cells. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet Red blood cell, platelet and white blood cell.

34. /Qm ;d'x • hDdf rf/ k|sf/sf /ut x'G5g\ . h'g ए, बि, एबि, ओ x'g\ . lo k|To]s ls t 3gfTds (+) x'G5g\ jf C0ffTds (-) x'G5g\ . kf]lhl6e jf g]u]l6e . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type

35. :jf:Yo ;'wf/ • zfl/l/s sfd / zf/Ll/s tflndn] z/L/nfO{ /fd|f] cj:yfdf /fVg ;xof]u ub{5 . • zfl//Ls Jofofd / sd lrNnf] kbfy{ ePsf] vfgfn] /Qm glnx? v'Nnf /fVg ;xof]u ldN5 . • ;fsfxf/L vfgf, ;fydf k|;:t kmnkm'n, abfd, /];fbf/ u]8fu'8Ln] /fd|f] :jf:Yo jgfpg ;xof]u ub{5 . Aune Greggas

36. d[To'sf d'Vo sf/0fx? • klZrd]nL ljZjdf w]/}h;f] eO{/fVg] d[To'sf sf/0fx?df d'6' / /QmgnLsf /f]ux? x'g\ . • df]6f]kg, lrgL/f]u / w'd|kfgn] o:tf /f]usf] ;+efjgf a9fpFb5 . • w'd|kfg ug]{ o"jf ju{df x[bo3ftaf6 d[To' x'g]sf] ;Defjgf, w'd|kfg gug]{ o"jfsf] eGbf ltg u'0ffn] al9 x'G5 . -olb nuftf/ w'd|kfg u/L /fVof] eg]_ Hideo Ichiki Less than 15 years old 15 -20 years Over20 years Non smoker Mortality rate by a heart disease seen according to the age smoking started.

37. w'd|kfg / /Qm ;+rfng • tDafs'df ePsf] lgsf]6Lgn] cf6{/Lh Soflkn/L cf6{/LhnfO{ cfqmd0f ub{5 . • w'd|kfgn] /Qm glnx?sf] leQfdf lrNnf] kbfy{ lgdf{0f ug]{ / df]6f]kg a9fpg] ub{5 . Hideo Ichiki Effect of the tobacco smoking to the temperature of the hand (red warmest, yellow middle, blue coldest; smoker to the left, nonsmoker to the right).

38. g]s|f]l;;–w'd|kfgsf] k|ltkmn • /Qmglnx?df jf];f] / lrNnf]kbfy{sf] lgdf{0f / cf6{/Lhx? v'lDrgfn] z/L/sf cln kNnf] c+u h:t} xft / v'§fdf /Qm ;~rfng k'Ug ;Sb}g, kl/0ffd :j?k To:tf c+ux?df g]s|f]l;;x'g] ;Defjgf jl9 x'G5 . Hideo Ichiki Most of the amputations done because of the weak blood circulation in the feet are made to smokers.

39. 5fnf rfp/Lg' • cg'xf/sf] 5fnfsf]lifsfx?df /Qm ;~rfng sd x'g] ub{5 . • w'd|kfg gug]{ dfG5]sf] t'ngfdf w'd|kfg ug]{ dflg; jl9 j'9f] b]lvG5 lsg eg] w'd|kfg ug]{ dflg;sf] cg'xf/df j9L rfp/L k/]sf] x'G5 . Hideo Ichiki These are 42 year old twíns? Which is a smoker and which do not smoke?

40. /Qmglnx?df kl/j{tg • w'd|kfg u/]sf] nIf0f /QmgnLx?df t'?Gt b]lvG5 . • w'd|kfg ug]{dflg;sf] /QmgnLx?df l56} lrNnf] kbfy{ hDdf ub{5g\ . h;sf] sf/0fn] ltgLx? :jf:Yo b]lvb}gg\ . These veins belong to persons who died in a car accident. The 32 old was a smoker, the 34 old was a nonsmoker.

41. pRr /Qmrfk • lrNnf] kbfy{ hDdf x'gfn], Soflkn/L cf6{/Lh lylrG5 / kl/0ffd :j?k /Qmrfk j9\g hfG5 . • hlt pRr /Qmrfk x'G5 z/L/n] /ut lng Tolt g} jl9 zlQm cfjZos kb{5 . • Soflkmg / g'gn] klg /Qmrfk j9fpFb5 . • pRr /Qmrfk cfkm}df vt/gfs x'G5 o;n] x[bo3ft tyf dl:tis3ft j9fpF5 .

42. pRr /Qmrfksf] jlu{s/0f

43. Jofofd • Jofofd eg]s} :jf:Yo ;'wf/ xf] . • Jofofd u/L/x]sf] cj:yfdf /Qmrfk pRr ePdf klg Jofdsf] cGtdf, Jofod gu/]sf] j]nfdf h:t} /Qmrfk sd x'G5 . Aune Greggas

44. lsg w'd|kfg ug]{ JolQm eGbf gug]{ JolQmsf] z/L/ :j:Yo x'G5 < • cfkm"nfO{ tGb'?:t kfpgsf] lglDt tkfO{sf] kmf]S;f] / d'6'df clS;;g ePsf] /ut k'Ug' kb{5 . ha tkfO{ tDjfs' ;]jg ug'{ x'G5, tkfOn] sfj{gdf]gf]cS;fO{8 tkfOsf] z/L/df kl/lrt u/fpg' x'G5 . o;sf] sf/0fn] tkfO{sf] ef}lts z/L/df clS;hgsf] sld x'G5, h;n] ubf{ /fd|f] v]n v]Ngdfq cK7\of/f] xf]Og t/ lx8 8'n ug{ / e¥of· r9\g klg ufx|f] x'G5 . http://my.clevelandclinic.org/healthy_living/smoking/hic_smoking_and_physical_activity.aspx 

45. w'd|kfgstf{ / lau|bf] :jf:Yo • ;fwf/0f tyf cw{ Jo:s JolQmsf] zf/L/Ls :jf:Yodf lu/fj6 cfpg' / kmf]S;f]sf] s[ofsnfkdf sld cfpg'sf] cWoogdf, w'd|kfg ug]{ JolQm eGbf w'd|kfg gug]{ JolQmsf] :jf:Yo / pgLx?sf] s[ofsnfkdf pd]/s} sf/0fn] km/s b]lvb}g\ . • hDdf hlDd cWoogdf #$& hgf w'd|kfg ug]{ dflg;sf] eGbf &(! w'd|kfg gug]{ JolQmx?sf] zf/L/Ls tGb'?:tL df lu/fj6 cfPsf] kfOof] . • (1349/kg V 1618) h'g rfxL k|yd PS;kfO/]6f]/L en'd (3341m/v 3638ml) http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/311/7007/715

46. d'6' ;DjlGw /f]ux?

47. dl:tisdf x'g] /Qm;|fj

48. bdsf] /f]u

49. ca'{4 /f]u

50. ux|f}+ ;fdfg prfNg l;Sg' • 3'F8fnfO{ tn v'DRofpg'xf]; / v'§fåf/f ef/ yfDg] sfd ug'{xf];\ t/ tkfO{sf] 9f8n] xf]Og . http://www2.edu.fi/materiaalipankki/index.php?id=74