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Tools of Astronomy Sc6: unit 4.1

Tools of Astronomy Sc6: unit 4.1. lesson 4 #1 1. astronomer 2. refractors 3. reflectors 4. objective 5. eyepiece 6. spider 7. secondary mirror 8. radio telescopes 9. Yerkes telescope 10. Keck telescopes. lesson 4 #2 1. electromagnetic spectrum 2. wavelength

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Tools of Astronomy Sc6: unit 4.1

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  1. Tools of Astronomy Sc6: unit 4.1 lesson 4 #1 1. astronomer 2. refractors 3. reflectors 4. objective 5. eyepiece 6. spider 7. secondary mirror 8. radio telescopes 9. Yerkes telescope 10. Keck telescopes lesson 4 #2 1. electromagnetic spectrum 2. wavelength 3. frequency 4. spectrum 5. radio waves 6. infrared 7. ultra-violet 8. x-rays 9. gamma rays 10. light waves 11. Aracibo 12. radio telescope array

  2. TOOLS OF THE ASTRONOMER • OPTICAL TELESCOPES: USE LIGHT TO GET INFORMATION ABOUT OBJECTS IN SPACE 1. REFRACTORS: USE A LARGE LENS(OBJECTIVE LENS) TO COLLECT LIGHT • 1ST ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE MADE BY GALILEO (1609) • 2 INCH OBJECTIVE, 32X MAGNIFICATION • 1ST TO SEE PHASES OF MERCURY, VENUS, SATURN’S RINGS, MOONS OF JUPITER, CRATERS ON MOON  LARGEST REFRACTOR: 40” YERKES (WILLIAM’S BAY, WISC. – 1897

  3. focus eyepiece objective lens Refracting Telescope body tube TOOLS OF THE ASTRONOMER  OPTICAL TELESCOPES: USE LIGHT TO GET INFORMATION ABOUT OBJECTS IN SPACE • REFRACTORS: USE A LARGE LENS(OBJECTIVE LENS) TO COLLECT LIGHT • OBJECTIVE LENS EXPENSIVE, DISTORTS COLORS, LIMITED IN SIZE • PARTS OF A REFRACTOR: • BODY TUBE: HOLLOW CYLINDER THAT HOLDS THE LENSES • EYEPIECE: LENS ONE LOOKS THROUGH, MAGNIFIES THE IMAGE • OBJECTIVE LENS: LARGEST LENS, FORMS IMAGE BEING SEEN • FOCUS KNOB: CHANGES DISTANCE FORM OBJECTIVE TO EYEPIECE

  4. 2. REFLECTORS: TELESCOPES THAT USE A LARGE, CURVED OBJECTIVE MIRROR •  PARTS OF A REFLECTOR: • o OBJECTIVE MIRROR: AT BOTTOM OF BODY TUBE, COLLECTS LIGHT • o SECONDARY MIRROR: REFLECTS IMAGE TO THE EYEPIECE • o SPIDER: SUPPORTS SECONDARY MIRROR •  ALSO HAS AN EYEPIECE, FOCUS KNOB, AND BODY TUBE

  5.  1ST REFLECTING TELESCOPE BUILT BY SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1668) • o USED A METAL MIRROR • o DESIGN KNOWN AS NEWTONIAN REFLECTOR •  AMONG LARGEST TODAY: THE 400” KECK TWIN TELESCOPES IN HAWAII •  ADVANTAGES: CAN BE VERY LARGE, LESS EXPENSIVE, TRUE COLORS •  DISADVANTAGES: MIRRORS GET DIRTY, DELICATE, MUST BE ADJUSTED

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  7. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC (EM)RADIATION SPECTRUM o RADIANT ENERGIES OF DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS FROM BY ELECTRONS’ MOTIONS o SPECTRUM: THE CONTINUOUS RANGE OF A SINGLE FEATURE such as wavelength 1. WAVELENGTH (λ) : THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO ADJACENT WAVE CRESTS 2. FREQUENCY: THE NUMBER OF WAVELENGTHS PASSING A POINT PER SECOND 3. RADIATION: THE TRANSFER OF ENERGY THROUGH ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 3.

  8. o THE TYPES OF ENERGIES IN THE EM SPECTRUM • 1. RADIO: THE LONGEST WAVELENGTH EM ENERGY WITH THE LOWEST ENERGY • 2. MICROWAVE: HIGHEST SECTION OF THE RADIO SPECTRUM •  SHORTEST RADIO WAVELENGTHS (HIGHEST RADIO FREQUENCIES) • USED FOR COOKING AND COMMUNICATION

  9. 3. INFRARED: PART OF SPECTRUM NEXT TO RED LIGHT, FORM HEAT RADIATION • 4. LIGHT: THE MIDDLE, VISIBLE PART OF SPECTRUM •  RED LIGHT THE LOWEST ENERGY, LONGEST WAVELENGTH LIGHT •  VIOLET THE HIGHEST ENERGY, SHORTEST WAVELENGTH LIGHT •  COLOR SEQUENCE: “ROYGBIV”

  10. 5. ULTRAVIOLET: JUST ABOVE VIOLET ON THE SPECTRUM • CREATES SOME OBJECTS TO FLUORESCE (GLOW) • CAUSES SKIN CANCER, SUNBURN IN HUMANS • 6. X-RAYS: INCREASINGLY DANGEROUS, SHORT, HIGH ENERGY WAVES • USED IN MEDICINE TO VIEW INTERNAL STRUCTURES • CAN BECOME DANGEROUS AT HIGHER EXPOSURES • 7. GAMMA RAYS: SHORTEST, HIGHEST FREQUENCY ,MOST DEADLY RADIATIONS

  11. THE EM RADIATION THAT REACHES EARTH • o EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE ABSORBS MUCH OF THE DEADLY SOLAR EM RADIATION • 1. DEADLY GAMMA AND X-RAYS ARE ABSORBED BY N (NITROGEN), O (OXYGEN) • 2. MUCH OF THE ULTRAVIOLET IS ABSORBED BY THE OZONE LAYER • 3. MOST MICROWAVE, SOME OF THE INFRARED IS ABSORBED BY H2O AND CO2 • o ALMOST ALL LIGHT RADIATION REACHES THE EARTH’S SURFACE

  12. o RADIO TELESCOPE: COLLECTS RADIO WAVES FROM SPACE USING A LARGE DISH • 1. LARGE DISHES MUST BE USED TO DETECT THE VERY LONG RADIO WAVES • RADIO WAVES DETECTABLE THROUGH SOLID OBJECTS DAY AND NIGHT • RADIO WAVES CAN DETECT THE MOST DISTANT OBJECTS IN SPACE • 2. LONG RADIO WAVES LACK DETAIL, USE TO FORM COMPUTERIZED IMAGES • 3. LARGEST: ARECIBO RADIO TELESCOPE IN PUERTO RICO (~12,000” OR 1,000’) • 4. ARRAY: A GROUP OF COMPUTER-CONNECTED RADIO TELESCOPES • PERFORM AS A SINGLE RADIO TELESCOPE • GREATLY INCREASES PERFORMANCE

  13.   o ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES: USED FOR REMOTE SENSING (FROM SPACE) • 1. GEOSYNCHRONOUS SATELLITES STAY OVER SAME POINT,~36,000 km • 2. POLAR ORBIT SATELLITES: VIEW LARGE SECTIONS OF SURFACE • 3. HUBBLE SPACE TELESOPE: VEIWS DISTANT OBJECTSIN HIGH DETAIL • 4. SOME SATELLITES USE INVISIBLE PARTS OF EM SPECTRUM •  INFRARED SATELLITES SENSE HEAT •  UV SATELLITES CAN DETECT ULTRAVIOLET •  X-RAY SATELLITES OBSERVE HIGH-ENERGY ( SUCH AS PULSARS) •  USING ALL PARTS OF SPECTRUM INCREASE UNDERSTANDING

  14. Archdiocese of Washington Catholic Schools Academic Standards Science Sixth Grade Science The Scientific Enterprise • 6.1.1 Explain that some scientific knowledge, such as the length of the year, is very old and yet is still applicable today. Understand, however, that scientific knowledge is never exempt from review and criticism • 6.1.4 Give examples of employers who hire scientists, such as colleges and universities, businesses and industries, hospitals, and many government agencies. • 6.1.5 Identify places where scientists work, including offices, classrooms, laboratories, farms, factories, and natural field settings ranging from space to the ocean floor. • 6.1.6 Explain that computers have become invaluable in science because they speed up and extend people’s ability to collect, store, compile, and analyze. • 6.1.7 Explain that technology is essential to science for such purposes as access to outer space and other remote locations, sample collection and treatment, measurement, data collection and storage, computation, and communication of information. • 6.2.3 Select tools, such as cameras and tape recorders, for capturing information. • 6.2.4 Inspect, disassemble, and reassemble simple mechanical devices and describe what the various parts are for. Estimate what the effect of making a change in one part of a system is likely to have on the system as a whole. • 6.2.7 Locate information in reference books, back issues of newspapers and magazines, CD-ROMs, and computer databases. Matter and Energy • 6.3.17 Recognize and describe that energy is a property of many objects and is associated with heat, light, electricity, mechanical motion, and sound. Forces of Nature • 6.3.21 Investigate, using a prism for example, that light is made up of a mixture of many different colors of light, even though it is perceived as almost white. • 6.3.22 Demonstrate that vibrations in materials set up wavelike disturbances, such as sound and earthquake waves*, that spread away from the source. Manipulation and Observation • 6.2.3 Select tools, such as cameras and tape recorders, for capturing information. • 6.2.4 Inspect, disassemble, and reassemble simple mechanical devices and describe what the various parts are for. Estimate what the effect of making a change in one part of a system is likely to have on the system as a whole. • 6.6.1 Describe that a system is composed of subsystems. 13.

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