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Human Anatomy - Mr. Taylor

Human Anatomy - Mr. Taylor. Newark High School. Definitions. Anatomy : The study of structure and shape of body parts and their relationships to one another. Physiology: The study of the function of living organisms. HOW ARE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY RELATED TO EACH OTHER?

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Human Anatomy - Mr. Taylor

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  1. Human Anatomy - Mr. Taylor Newark High School

  2. Definitions Anatomy: The study of structure and shape of body parts and their relationships to one another. Physiology: The study of the function of living organisms. HOW ARE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY RELATED TO EACH OTHER? STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION

  3. Structure and Function • Structure and function are interrelated • The function of a structure implies that function is dependent upon structure • Anatomy and physiology are truly inseparable sciences • In architecture “form follows function” • A description of anatomy is followed by an explanation of its function, the structural characteristics contributing to that physiologic function

  4. Sub disciplines of Anatomy A. Developmental Anatomy (embryology) B. Microscopic Anatomy or Histology - the study of tissues C. Gross Anatomy- visible to the naked eye • Surface Anatomy - Anatomical landmarks • Systemic Anatomy - structures are studied in functional groups • Regional Anatomy – specific regions of the body D. Specialized Anatomy • Radiographic Anatomy – Body structures that can be visualize with X-rays • Pathological Anatomy- structural changes associated with disease

  5. Diagnostic Techniques • Palpation: feels body surfaces with hands • Auscultation: listen to body sounds • Percussion: taps on the body surface with finger tips.

  6. Organization of the Human Body (Levels) The human body is organized into cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism. • Cells are the smallest living unit of body construction. • Tissues are group of cells working together. Examples are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. • An organ is a structure composed of several different tissues performing a particular function. Examples include the lungs and the heart. • Organ systems are groups of organs which together perform an overall function. Examples are the respiratory system and the digestive system. • The total organism is the individual human being.

  7. Levels of Structural Organization

  8. ORGANISM LEVEL – the highest level of structural organization. ORGAN LEVEL – organs are structures composed of 2 or more tissue types that perform specific functions. ORGAN LEVEL – organs are structures composed of 2 or more tissue types that perform specific functions. TISSUE LEVEL – tissues consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function in the body. CELLULAR LEVEL – microscopic cells are the smallest units of all living things. Are formed by a combination of atoms. CHEMICAL LEVEL – simplest level of structural organization. Tiny building blocks of matter called atoms combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins.

  9. INTEGUMENTARY Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesize vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Organ System Overview

  10. SKELETAL Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Organ System Overview

  11. MUSCULAR Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Organ System Overview

  12. NERVOUS Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Organ System Overview

  13. ENDOCRINE Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Organ System Overview

  14. CARDIOVASCULAR Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Organ System Overview

  15. LYMPHATIC Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity Organ System Overview

  16. RESPIRATORY Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Exchange of gases Organ System Overview

  17. DIGESTIVE Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Organ System Overview

  18. URINARY Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes Organ System Overview

  19. REPRODUCTIVE Production of offspring Organ System Overview

  20. What is Homeostasis? • Homeostasis – body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world continuously changes. “Normal.” • Is DYNAMIC – balances internal conditions with external changes

  21. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • Is communicated through nervous and endocrine systems. Uses these: • 1. Receptor – sense and monitor changes (STIMULI) • 2. ControlCenter – analyzes info and chooses a response (INPUT); set point • 3. Effector – OUTPUT to the stimulus uses either a muscle or gland to produce the means for the response.

  22. TYPES OF FEEDBACK • Negativefeedbackmechanisms – the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity. Example: think of a thermostat Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback

  23. TYPES OF FEEDBACK • Positivefeedbackmechanisms – the result is to speed up or increase the intensity of the stimulus. Two types of positive feedback: 1. process of blood clotting 2. childbirth – labor contractions

  24. Directional Terms • Superior, Inferior. Superior means above. towards the head (alternately: cranial - towards the head end) • Inferior means below, towards the feet (alternately: caudal - towards the tail end) • Anterior, Posterior. • (1) Anterior (or ventral) refers to the front of the body. • (2) Posterior (or dorsal) refers to the back of the body. • Medial, Lateral. Medial means toward or nearer the midline of the body. Lateral means away from the midline or toward the side of the body. • Intermediate: Between two structures • Superficial, Deep. Superficial means closer to the surface of the body.  Deep means away from the surface of the body • Proximal, Distal. Proximal means near the point of origin (commonly to describe relative distance along a limb) & Distal means far from the point of origin. • Ipsilateral & Contralateral. On the same side, on the opposite side

  25. PLANES IN THE BODY • Sagittal plane is a vertical plane that pass through the body from front to back. The median or midsagittal plane is the vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves. • Horizontal (transverse) plane divides the body or organ into upper & lower portions. • Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body or organ into front & back.

  26. Body Cavities Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate & support internal organs. Bones, muscles, & ligaments separate the various body cavities from one another. Major Body Cavities • Dorsal body cavity A- Cranial cavity B- Spinal cavity • Ventral body cavity A- Thoracic: Pleural & pericardial cavities B- Abdominopelvic cavity

  27. Body Cavities

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