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Principles of Telecommunications Technology

Principles of Telecommunications Technology. Chapter 2. Objectives. In this chapter, you will: Describe the principles of electricity that underlie all telecommunications signaling Explain the concepts of current and voltage as they apply to telecommunications technology

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Principles of Telecommunications Technology

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  1. Principles of Telecommunications Technology Chapter 2

  2. Objectives In this chapter, you will: • Describe the principles of electricity that underlie all telecommunications signaling • Explain the concepts of current and voltage as they apply to telecommunications technology • Describe the components on an integrated circuit • Explain the difference between analog and digital transmission • Use binary encoding to represent decimal numbers • Describe various electricity and data transmission measurements Modified by : Brierley

  3. Atomic Charges • Charge - the characteristic of a material that enables it to exert force on another material. • Neutrons - found at the center of an atom, possess no charge and are said to be neutral. • Protons - found at the center of an atom along with neutrons, carry a positive charge. • Electrons - orbit the center of an atom and carry a negative charge Modified by : Brierley

  4. Atomic Charges Modified by : Brierley

  5. Static Electricity • Static electricity - the release of an accumulated charge in some material or object. • Because the charges inherent in electrons and protons are bound to balance each other through static electricity, these charges are also called electrostatic charges. Modified by : Brierley

  6. Electric Current • Electric current - the controlled movement of an electrical charge (or electrons) along the atoms of a conductor. • Circuit - a closed connection between an electric source (such as a battery) and a load (such as a lamp) over which current may flow. • Signal - occurs when current manipulated to transmit information. Modified by : Brierley

  7. Electric Current • Voltage - the pressure that the electric current exerts on its conductor is known. It is commonly equated to the strength of the electric current, and is measured in volts • Amperes - the amount of current (or charge flowing through a wire each second ) is measured in amperes, abbreviated as amps. • Resistance - a material’s opposition to electric current. Modified by : Brierley

  8. Electric Current Modified by : Brierley

  9. Conductors and Insulators • Conductor - a material over which electric current readily flows. • Grounding - the use of a conductor (such as a wire) to divert unused or potentially harmful charges to an insulator, where they will be stopped or absorbed. • Insulators - materials that do not allow electric current to flow easily. • Semiconductor - conducts electricity better than an insulator, but not as well as a conductor. Modified by : Brierley

  10. Conductors and Insulators Modified by : Brierley

  11. Resistance Modified by : Brierley

  12. Calculating Voltage, Amps, and Resistance with Ohm’s Law Modified by : Brierley

  13. Direct and Alternating Current • Direct current (DC) - an electrical charge flows steadily in one direction over the conductor. Modified by : Brierley

  14. Direct and Alternating Current • Alternating current (AC) - the electrical charge flows in one direction first, then in the opposite direction, then back in the first direction, and so on, in an alternating fashion over the conductor. Modified by : Brierley

  15. Direct and Alternating Current Modified by : Brierley

  16. Direct and Alternating Current Modified by : Brierley

  17. Capacitance • The ability for an electric circuit or component to accumulate or store a charge. • Capacitance is measured in Farads (abbreviated as F), a unit named after English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday, who experimented with electricity in the early 1800s. • Capacitor - a device that stores electrical charge (as the tank stores water). Modified by : Brierley

  18. Capacitance Modified by : Brierley

  19. Capacitance Modified by : Brierley

  20. Capacitance Modified by : Brierley

  21. Capacitance Modified by : Brierley

  22. Inductance Modified by : Brierley

  23. Inductance Modified by : Brierley

  24. Inductance Modified by : Brierley

  25. Inductance Modified by : Brierley

  26. Inductance Modified by : Brierley

  27. Inductance Modified by : Brierley

  28. Electrical Power Modified by : Brierley

  29. Electrical Power Modified by : Brierley

  30. Measuring Electricity Modified by : Brierley

  31. Measuring Electricity Modified by : Brierley

  32. Measuring Electricity Modified by : Brierley

  33. Passive Electronic Devices • Passive device - a component that contributes no power gain to a circuit. • Resistor - a component inserted into a circuit to provide a specific amount of resistance Modified by : Brierley

  34. Diodes Modified by : Brierley

  35. Diodes Modified by : Brierley

  36. Transistors Modified by : Brierley

  37. Integrated Circuits • Circuits that combine the conductor and the attached components of a circuit in one small unit. Modified by : Brierley

  38. Analog Transmission • Analog - electromagnetic signals that continuously vary in their strength and speed. Modified by : Brierley

  39. Transmission Flaws • Noise - unwanted interference from external sources, which can degrade or distort a signal. • Attenuation - the loss of a signal’s strength as it travels away from its source. • Amplifier - an electronic device that increases the voltage, or power, of the signals. • Regeneration - when digital signals are repeated, they are actually retransmitted in their original, pure form, without any noise. • Repeater - a device that regenerates a digital signal. Modified by : Brierley

  40. Transmission Flaws Modified by : Brierley

  41. Transmission Flaws Modified by : Brierley

  42. Encoding and the Numbering System • Encoding - the process of modifying data so that it can be interpreted by the receiver. • Methods for encoding data include: • The Decimal System • The Binary System • Hexadecimal System • EBCDIC • ASCII • UNICODE Modified by : Brierley

  43. Measuring Data Modified by : Brierley

  44. Throughput and Bandwidth • Throughput - the amount of data that a communications channel can carry during a given period of time. • The physical nature of every communications channel determines its potential throughput. • Bandwidth - a measure of the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that a media can transmit. Modified by : Brierley

  45. Summary • Electricity may exist as either static electricity, the imbalance of charges, or as current electricity, the flow of charge along a conductor. • The three main characteristics of a circuit are voltage, current, and resistance. If two of these characteristics are known, the third can be calculated using Ohm’s Law. • Electronic devices may be active or passive. Examples of passive devices are capacitors and inductors. Examples of active devices are transistors and diodes. Modified by : Brierley

  46. Telecommunications Principles END Modified by : Brierley

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