1 / 144

Chapter 5

Chapter 5. The Human Body. National EMS Education Standard Competencies. Anatomy and Physiology Applies fundamental knowledge of the anatomy and function of all human systems to the practice of EMS. Anatomy versus Physiology. How the body is made. How the body works. 3. Introduction.

zalman
Download Presentation

Chapter 5

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 5 The Human Body

  2. National EMS Education Standard Competencies • Anatomy and Physiology • Applies fundamental knowledge of the anatomy and function of all human systems to the practice of EMS.

  3. Anatomy versus Physiology How the body is made How the body works 3

  4. Introduction • A working knowledge of anatomy is important. • Knowledge of anatomy helps to communicate correct information: • To professionals, who know medical terms • To others, who may not understand medical terms

  5. Topographic Anatomy • Superficial landmarks • Serve as guides to structures that lie beneath them • Topographic anatomy applies to a body in the anatomic position. • Patient stands facing you, arms at side, palms forward.

  6. Regions of the body

  7. Planes of the Body • Imaginary straight lines that divide the body • Three main areas • Coronal plane: front/back • Transverse (axial) plane: top/bottom • Sagittal (lateral) plane: left/right

  8. Directional Terms • Midline: vertically through the middle of the patient’s body • Medial is toward the midline • Lateral is away from the midline. • Proximal is near a point of reference • Distal is away from the reference • Palmar refers to palms of the hand. • Plantar refers to sole of the feet Palmar Plantar

  9. Anatomical Planes • Midaxillary Line divides the body into anterior and posterior planes • Anterior is toward the front • Posterior is toward the back. • Superior is above, toward the head • Inferior is below, toward the feet. • Dorsal is toward the back/spine • Ventral is toward the front/belly.

  10. Chest Landmarks

  11. Chest Landmarks

  12. Body Cavities

  13. Movement Terms • Flexion is the bending of a joint. • Extension is the straightening of a joint. • Adduction is motion toward the midline. • Abduction is motion away from the midline.

  14. Other Directional Terms • Many structures are bilateral, appearing on both sides of midline. • Eyes • Lungs • Arms & Legs • Abdomen is divided into quadrants for communication purposes. • RUQ (Right Upper Quadrant) • LUQ (Left Upper Quadrant) • RLQ (Right Lower Quadrant) • LLQ (Left Lower Quadrant)

  15. Abdominal Organs

  16. Abdominal Organs In the Retroperitoneal space

  17. Anatomic Positions Fowler Prone Recovery Supine Shock

  18. Fowler Semi-Fowler <45° 45°to 60°

  19. The Skeletal System: Anatomy • Skeleton gives us our recognizable human form. • Protects vital internal organs • Contains • Bones • Ligaments • Tendons • Cartilage

  20. The Axial Skeleton • Foundation on which the arms and legs are hung. Includes: • Skull • Spinal column • Thorax

  21. The Axial Skeleton • Skull • Cranium—made up of 4 (MAJOR) bones • Occiput, temporal (2) and parietal • Face—made up of 14 bones • Foramen magnum is the opening at base of skull to allow the brain to connect to spinal cord. • Skull Bones • 2X Parietal Bones • 2X Temporal Bones • 1X Frontal Bone • 1XEthmoid Bone • 1X Occipital Bone  • 1X Sphenoid Bone

  22. The Axial Skeleton • Spinal column • Composed of 33 bones (vertebrae) • Spine divided into 5 sections: • Cervical • Thoracic • Lumbar • Sacrum • Coccyx

  23. The Axial Skeleton • Thorax • Formed by of 12 thoracic vertebrae and 12 pairs of ribs • Thoracic cavity contains • Heart • Lungs • Esophagus • Great vessels

  24. The Appendicular Skeleton • Arms, legs, their connection points, and pelvis • Includes: • Upper extremity • Pelvis • Lower extremity

  25. The Upper Extremity • Upper extremity extends from shoulder girdle to fingertips • Composed of arms, forearms, hands, fingers • Shoulder girdle • Three bones come together, allowing arm to be moved: • Clavicle, • Scapula, • Humerus

  26. The Upper Extremity • Arm • The humerus is the supporting bone of the arm. • The forearm consists of the radius and ulna. • Radius on lateral side of forearm • Ulna on medial side of forearm

  27. The Upper Extremity • Wrist and hand • Ball-and-socket joint • Principal bones • Carpals (8) • Metacarpals (5) • Phalanges (14)

  28. The Pelvis • Closed bony ring consisting of three bones • Sacrum • Two pelvic bones • Each pelvic bone is formed by fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis. • Posteriorly, the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones are joined by the sacrum • Anteriorly, the pubic symphysis is where the right and left pubis are joined

  29. The Lower Extremity • Main parts are thigh, leg, foot. • Upper leg: femur (thigh bone) • Longest bone in body, femur connects into acetabulum (pelvic girdle) by ball-and-socket joint. • Greater and lesser trochanter are where major muscles of thigh connect to femur. Bones of the Lower Leg

  30. The Lower Extremity • Knee connects upper leg to lower leg • Kneecap (patella) • Lower Leg • Tibia (shin bone) • Anterior of leg • Fibula • Lateral side of leg • Ankle • A hinge joint • Allows flexion/extension of foot

  31. The Lower Extremity • Foot • Tarsal bones (7) • Metatarsal bones form substance of foot (5) • Toes are formed by phalanges (14)

  32. Joints • Occur wherever two bones come in contact

  33. (Hip) (Wrist) (Phalanges) (Elbow) (Wrist/Spine) (Ankle)

  34. The Skeletal System: Physiology • The skeletal system: • Gives body shape • Provides protection of fragile organs • Allows for movement • Stores calcium • Helps create blood cells

  35. The Musculoskeletal System: Anatomy • Musculoskeletal system provides: • Form • Upright posture • Movement • More than 600 muscles attach to bone. • Called skeletal (or voluntary) muscles

  36. The Musculoskeletal System: Anatomy • Smooth • Muscle • Involuntary • Nonstriated • Found in blood vessels • Skeletal Muscle • Voluntary • Movement • Protection • Cardiac • Muscle • Specialized • Automaticity • Intolerant of blood loss

  37. The Musculoskeletal System:Anatomy

  38. The Musculoskeletal System: Physiology • Contraction and relaxation of system make it possible to move and manipulate environment. • A byproduct of this movement is heat. • When you get cold, you shiver (shake muscles) to produce heat.

  39. The Respiratory System: Anatomy • Structures of the body that contribute to respiration (the process of breathing)

  40. Upper Airway • Upper airway includes • Pharynx • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx • Larynx is anterior • Esophagus is posterior • Epiglottis • Prevents food and liquid from entering trachea

  41. Lower Airway • Larynx is the dividing line between upper and lower airway. • Adam’s apple/thyroid cartilage is anterior. • Cricoid cartilage/cricoid ring forms lowest portion of larynx. • Trachea • Ends at carina, dividing into right and left bronchi leading to bronchioles

  42. Lungs • The two lungs are held in place by: • Trachea • Arteries and veins • Pulmonary ligaments • Divided into lobes • Left has two lobes • Right has three lobes • Bronchi and bronchioles end with alveoli. • Alveoli allow for gas exchange. • Lungs are covered by smooth, glistening tissue called pleura

  43. Lower Airway

  44. Alveolar Respiration Cellular Respiration Levelsof CO2 Levelsof O2 Levelsof O2 Levelsof CO2

  45. Muscles of Breathing • Diaphragm is primary muscle. • 60-70% of breathing Effort • Also involved are: • Intercostal muscles • 30-40% of breathing Effort • Abdominal muscles • Pectoral muscles

  46. Ventilation

  47. The Respiratory System: Physiology • Function is to provide body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. • Ventilation and respiration are two separate, interdependent functions of the respiratory system. • Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli and tissue. • Brain stem controls breathing. (hypercapnic drive) • Hypoxic drive is backup system.

  48. The Respiratory System: Physiology • Hypercapnic drive (aka hypercarbic) • Normal impetus to breathe is the level of CO2 in arterial blood • Central chemoreceptors - located in the medulla • Hypoxic drive • This occurs when oxygen levels become the impetus to breathe • Peripheral chemoreceptors - located in the aortic arch and carotid artery bodies

  49. The Respiratory System: Physiology • Respiration (cont’d) • Medulla initiates ventilation cycles. • Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) • Initiates inspiration • Ventral respiratory group (VRG) • Provides forced inspiration or expiration when needed • Ventilation is simple air movement into and out of the lungs.

  50. The Respiratory System: Physiology • You provide ventilation when you breath for a patient. • Tidal volume is amount of air moved into or out of lungs in a single breath.

More Related