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Network Centric Operations: Insights and Challenges

Network Centric Operations: Insights and Challenges. Presentation to NASA ESTO AIST-05 Sensor Web PI Meeting Orlando Florida 3 April 2008. Mr. John J. Garstka Special Assistant Force Transformation & Analysis DASD Forces Transformation & Resources ASD(SOLIC/IC) OUSD(Policy)

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Network Centric Operations: Insights and Challenges

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  1. Network Centric Operations:Insights and Challenges Presentation to NASA ESTO AIST-05 Sensor Web PI Meeting Orlando Florida 3 April 2008 Mr. John J. Garstka Special Assistant Force Transformation & Analysis DASD Forces Transformation & Resources ASD(SOLIC/IC) OUSD(Policy) (703) 697- 3723 john.garstka@osd.mil www.oft.osd.mil 1

  2. Bottom Line Up Front • Networking can have a significant positive impact on the operational effectiveness and efficiency of networked organizations across the spectrum of operations 2

  3. Overview • Overview of Theory • Networked Forces in Combat Operations • Operational Effectiveness of Networked Forces • Current Challenges 3

  4. How a Networked Force Operates: Network Centric Warfare • Creates an Information Advantage andtranslates it into a decisive Warfighting Advantage • Information Advantage - enabled by the robust networking of well informed geographically dispersed forces • Characterized by: • - Information sharing • - Shared situational awareness • - Knowledge of commander’s intent • Warfighting Advantage - exploits behavioral change and new doctrine to enable: • - Self-synchronization • - Speed of command • - Increased combat power Exploits Order of Magnitude Improvement in Information Sharing 4

  5. Relevancy of Networked Forces Homeland Defense Stability Operations Major Combat Operations Integrated Operations/ Military Support to Crisis 5

  6. Domains of Warfare • Shared Situational • Understanding • Awareness • Assessment Social Domain Leadership Unit Cohesion Morale • Situational • Understanding • Awareness • Assessment Cognitive Domain Mind of the Warfighter Information Domain Where Information is Created , Shared ….. Strike Maneuver Protect Support Physical Domain 6

  7. Information-Age Warfare…Sources of Advantage Social Domain Cultural Awareness Cognitive Domain Cognitive Advantage Conveyed Commander’s Intent Plan, Organize, Deploy, Employ and Sustain Cycle Compressed Operations Shared Awareness Network Centric Operations Information Domain Physical Domain Force Advantage Position Advantage Information Advantage Precision Force 7 Speed and Access

  8. ARobustly Networked Force Improves Information Sharing • Information Sharing And Collaboration Enhances the Quality of InformationandShared Situational Awareness • Shared Situational Awareness Enables CollaborationandSelf Synchronization and Enhances Sustainability and Speed of Command • These in Turn Dramatically Increase Mission Effectiveness Quality of Information New Processes Mission Effectiveness Robustly Networked Force Shared SituationalAwareness Self Synchronization Information Sharing Cognitive + Social Domains Information Domain Physical Domain Collaboration Tenets of Network Centric Operations …The New Value Chain – High Level Tenets of NCW: A Hypothesis Regarding Sources of Power 8

  9. Shared Situational Awareness Individual Situational Awareness Mission Effectiveness Decision Making Quality of Information Collaboration The NCO Value Chain …Expanded Cognitive & Social Domains Information Sharing “Networked” Force Common “Picture” Self Synchronization Physical Domain Information Domain 9

  10. Tactical Picture:OIF Major Combat Operations - 2003 10

  11. II OOO • CAV SQDN (RSTA) • Route Recon • Recon OBJ Blaze II OOO • SUPPORTING EFFORT • Attack to clear enemy forces in disruption zone • Isolate the OBJ Blaze • MAIN EFFORT • Follow and Attack to seize OBJ Blaze II OOO Tactical Picture:3/2 Stryker Brigade – Training Exercise – May 2003 11

  12. Tactical Picture: F-16C in an Interoperability Exercise in 2002 F-16C Horizontal Situation Cockpit Display UAV GFAC Friendly EPLRS Positions GFAC 9 line Target UAV SPI A-10 FAC LINK-16 Air Track Link-16 Land Track SADL Flight Member 12

  13. Network Centric Operations Case Studies Covera Wide Range of Mission Areas Military Support to Crisis Stability Operations Major Combat Operations SARS: Singapore NRF Assessment – NRF 5: Pakistan Earthquake Relief Stryker BCT (OIF) UK Low-Intensity Conflict NATO Task Force Fox Joint Urban Operations Coalition Maritime Ops (OIF) Task Force-50 (OEF) Naval Special Warfare Group I (OEF/OIF) Stryker BCT (JRTC) V Corps/3 ID (OIF) Air-to-Air (JTIDS) Air-to-Ground (DCX-I /OEF/OIF) Air-to-Ground w/ Special Operations Forces (OIF) US/UK Coalition (OIF) NATO ACE Mobile Force Land NATO Response Force (NRF) Assessment – NRF 4 13

  14. Operational Effectiveness Insights • Network Enabled Sensing • Air-to-Air Combat 14

  15. Network Enabled Sensing * Network-Centric Collaborative Targeting (NCCT) * U-2 Information “Richness” • * JSTARS • * Rivet Joint * E-3 AWACS • Content • Accuracy • Timeliness • Relevance Network- Centric Operations . Platform-Centric Operations . . Information “Reach” 15

  16. What NCCT Does • Application of network-centric techniques to horizontally integrate multiple ISR assets, providing machine-to-machine (M2M) interaction of multi-INT sensors, to create actionable information on time sensitive targets • Multi-INT with Imagery, GMTI and SIGINT 16 BR03-006-16

  17. 1,000 500 2 Platforms SIGINT 100 3 Platforms SIGINT Spatial Domain (Meters) 2 Fighters ESM and 2 Platforms SIGINT 50 SIGINT + GMTI GMTI/SIGINT + Imagery 10 Engage Assess Target, Track Find, Fix 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Temporal Domain (Minutes) Network Centric Sensing Projected Performance Today - 1 Platform Notional Estimates Order of Magnitude Improvement in Performance 17

  18. 1,000 Weapon Thresholds 500 AGM-130 2 Platforms SIGINT HARM 100 3 Platforms SIGINT Spatial Domain (Meters) 2 Fighters ESM and 2 Platforms SIGINT 50 JSOW SIGINT + GMTI ERGM GMTI/SIGINT + Imagery 10 JDAM Engage Assess Target, Track Find, Fix 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Temporal Domain (Minutes) Network Centric Sensing Projected Performance Today - 1 Platform Notional Estimates Order of Magnitude Improvement in Performance 18

  19. Time - T+ 2 seconds • Ground Truth = 2 targets • Network View • 2 Targets detected and reported • 2600 meter CEP SIGINT AOA-AOA only first track • Independent Platform Views • Multiple detections, no tracks formed and no reports 0% 0% 100% Ground Truth is Red Platform is Blue 0% 0% Detections are Yellow 19

  20. Time - T+29 Seconds • Ground Truth = 5 targets • Network View • 4 Targets detected and reported • 89 meter CEP SIGINT AOA-AOA only • Independent Platform Views • Multiple detections • 1 SIGINT track formed and reported from GR 138 meter CEP 20% 0% 80% 0% 0% 20

  21. Time - T+86 Seconds • Ground Truth = 5 targets • Network View • 4 Targets detected and reported • 42 meter CEP SIGINT AOA-AOA AND GMTI • Independent Platform Views • Multiple detections • 1 SIGINT track formed and reported from GR 138 meter CEP 20% 0% 80% 0% 0% 21

  22. Time - T+90 Seconds • Ground Truth = 5 targets • Network View • 5 Targets detected and reported • 42 meter CEP SIGINT AOA-AOA AND GMTI • Independent Platform Views • Multiple Detections • 1 SIGINT track reported from GR 138 meter CEP 20% 0% 100% 0% 0% 22

  23. Air-to-Air Networking …Within a Domain Office of Force Transformation / RAND Air-to-Air Case Study • Compare Mission Effectiveness of “Voice Only” F-15 Flights to Those with Voice & Link 16/JTIDS Capabilities – 12K Sortie Look “So Whats?” of a Common Tactical Picture • Info Completeness: “Ownship” & Other Friendly Aircraft • Free Time = Ability to Focus on Fight • Info Superiority: Quick Awareness & Understanding of Enemy • Increased Decision Time • More Lethal and/or Survivable Intercept Geometry Decisions • Earlier/Better Targeting • Improved Shot Lethality • Higher Number Shots per Time • Battle Manage & Target While Cold (with Same S.A.) • Better Ability to Self-Synchronize (“Swarm”) 23

  24. 1 1 1 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.25 1 1 1 0 0 0 0.75 0.75 0.75 B B B B B B B B B B B B Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 0.25 0.25 0.25 0 0 0 AWACS Quality of Individual Info:Voice Only Voice + Link 16 BLUE 11 / 12 RED 11 / 12 Q1 Completeness: Detect Q2 Correctness: ID Q3 Correctness: Location Q4 Correctness: Velocity BLUE 13 / 14 RED 13 / 14 24

  25. Air-to-Air: Quality of Individual Info Voice Only B12 (Wingman) B12/14 (Wings) B11 (Flight lead) B11/13 (Flt Lds) 80 80 80 80 16 15 16 15 25 26 25 26 25 26 269/69 310/89 269/69 272/70 28 30 28 30 Voice Only Information Awareness Understanding Decisions Voice Only Information Awareness Voice + Link 16 B11 (Flight lead) Awareness Info Understanding “Combat Reserve” Voice + Link 16 Info Awareness Understanding Decisions B12 (Wingman) Awareness Info Understanding “Combat Reserve” Decisions? Voice + Link 16 Info Understanding Awareness 25 Time

  26. Air-Air Case Study Conclusions Voice Voice + Link 16 • Application of NCO Value Chain Yielded Results Consistent with Live Flight & Pilot Interview Results • Validated Relationships Between NCO Capabilities Hypothesized for the Air-Air Mission “Information Advantage” Quality of Individual Information Quantity of Retrieved Info Degree of Information Sharing 0.91 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.22 0.08 Degree of Networking Quality of Sensemaking 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.28 Kill Ratio Comparison 3.10:1 Quality of Organic Info Quality of Decisions 8.11:1 Kill Ratio “Cognitive Advantage” “Physical Advantage” 26

  27. 2008 • Networks are a key enabler of the DoD Enterprise • Ongoing significant investments in C2, Communications, and Networking capabilities • Increased focus on cyber defense and information assurance 27

  28. Challenges • Accelerating the development of Doctrine and Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for networked forces • Information sharing with mission partners • Enhancing leader development 28

  29. People Organization Process Technology Evolving Capability Technology Innovation Leads People Innovation People Organizational Innovation Organization Process Innovation Process Technology Innovation Technology Initial Capability 29

  30. Technology + Process Innovation People Innovation People People Organizational Innovation Organization Organization Process Innovation Process Process Technology Innovation Technology Technology Evolving Capability Initial Capability 30

  31. Transformation Process:Full Spectrum Innovation People Innovation People People Organizational Innovation Organization Organization Process Innovation Process Process Technology Innovation Technology Technology Evolving Capability Initial Capability 31

  32. Overcoming Impediments to Innovation & Transformation Vision and Leadership are key to overcoming Impediments to Innovation Individual Behavior Organizational Behavior Organizational Values Organizational Incentives Organizational Structure Organizational Processes People Innovation Cognitive & Social Domains Organizational Innovation Process Innovation “New Concepts” Information Domain Platform “Technologies” Information “Technologies” Technology Innovation Physical Domain Increasing Level of Difficulty for Change 32

  33. Challenges • Accelerating the development of Doctrine and Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for networked forces • Information sharing with mission partners • Enhancing leader development 33

  34. Summary • Operational impact of networking is more significant than originally projected • Technology/process linkage is critical to successful implementation of Network Centric Operations • People are our an organizations most critical asset with respect to implementation of Network Centric Operations 34

  35. Questions? 35

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