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Sentence Types

Sentence Types. Basic and Particular Sentences Types in English and German. Peggy Lumm, Katharina Pischner, Patrick Puhlmann, Katrin Schaeper. Basic Sentence Types. A declaratives B interrogatives C imperatives D exclamatives . Basic Sentence Types. convey information

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Sentence Types

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  1. Sentence Types Basic and Particular Sentences Types in English and German Peggy Lumm, Katharina Pischner, Patrick Puhlmann, Katrin Schaeper

  2. Basic Sentence Types A declaratives B interrogatives C imperatives D exclamatives

  3. Basic Sentence Types

  4. convey information representative speech act basic word order (SVO) Declarative sentences

  5. Request for information Two Types: Yes-No Questions (Polar Questions) / Entscheidungsfragen: Addressee has to make a decision (Yes or No) Wh-Questions / Ergänzungsfragen: Addressee is asked particular, additional information Interrogatives

  6. English: Subject-Auxiliary Inversion (auxiliary fronted) Have you understood this stuff? Do they study English? („Do“ inserted) Intonation (Basic Word Order) You have understood this stuff? They study English? Interrogatives: Yes-No Questions

  7. German: Subject-Finite Verb Inversion (front aux or mv) Hast du das Zeug verstanden? aux fronted Studieren sie Englisch?  mv fronted Intonation (Basic Word Order) Du hast das Zeug verstanden? Sie studieren alle Englisch? Interrogatives: Yes-No Questions

  8. Interrogatives: Yes-No Questions

  9. English: interrogative pronoun (Int.Pr.)= subject, genitive attr.  basic word order What is in the box? (subj.) Who is your teacher? (subj.) Whose suitcase is that? (gen. attr.) Interrogatives: Wh-questions

  10. English: interrogative pronoun≠subject, genitive attr.  subj-aux inversion Where have you been skiing? What did you get for christmas? („did“ inserted) Interrogatives: Wh-questions

  11. German: interrogative pronoun=subject, genitive attr.  basic word order (SVO; Satzklammer) Wer bezahlt die Getränke? (subj.) Was ist kaputt? (subj.) Wessen Socken haben ein Loch? (gen.attr.) Interrogatives: Wh-questions

  12. German: interrogative pronoun≠subject, genitive attr.  subject-finite verb inversion (front aux or mv) Was (>DO) hast du nicht verstanden?  aux fronted Wo (>ADV) befinden sie sich?  mv fronted Nach wem suchst du?  mv fronted↓ Preposition has to precede interrogative pronoun in German; in English a dangling prep at the end of the question is possible: Who(m) are you looking for? Interrogatives: Wh-questions

  13. Imperatives English • Run! • Be quiet! • Take him for a gentleman! Imperatives • do not have an explicit subject • generally have a verb in the base form

  14. Imperatives German • Setz dich! • Reich mir bitte das Salz! • Reicht mir bitte das Salz! • Reichen Sie mir bitte das Salz! • in German imperatives there is a difference between plural and singular that can be seen in the inflected verb form • in the polite form we have an explicit/overt subject

  15. Adhortatives English • Let‘s get started! • Let‘s you do it! The ‚us‘ has lost ist function as a pronoun. German • Lass uns loslegen!

  16. Exclamatives • exclamatives express the speaker‘s emotional stance • What a nice day we‘ve spent! • How beautiful you look today!basically restricted to exclamative utterances introduced by what or how • Isn‘t she beautiful! • Girl, do you look sad!(take the form of polar questions)

  17. Exclamatives German • Wie schön du heute aussiehst! • Wie groß du geworden bist! • Hast du dich vielleicht erschrocken! • Hat das aber wunderbar funktioniert!

  18. Verb-first constructions Isshe reading this book again? Yes-no questionAUX S MAINV O Let‘s stop it! AdhortativeAUX S MAINV O Has the town changed! ExclamativeAUX S MAINV Had I known this earlier, I would have helped you. Conditional ClauseAUX S MAINV O Leave me alone! ImperativeMAINV O Properties: non-assertive do not describe a factual information in the world

  19. Particular clauses Copular clauses Verb-particle constructions Left- and right dislocation Cleft-sentences Resultative constructions

  20. Copular clauses This building is a school. predicativenominal This building is old. predicativeadjective It is hot. nonreferentialit There is a school. locative/existentialthere(?) German: 1. – 4. Das ist ein Auto. Das sind meine Zeitschriften. uninflecteddas

  21. Verb-particle constructions Intransitive vs. transitive verb-particle constructions e.g. Alistair put the book away. Bob looked down. • Position of particle:Alistair put the book away . OR: Alistair put away the book.BUT only: The students think ofthe exam.Put it off! *Put off it! They think of it! • Position of particles/prepositions in relative clauses:the school I went tothe book I put awaythe school to which I went *the book away which I put

  22. Verb-particle constructions • Order of particles:I wrote it down.I wrote Lucy‘s new telephone number down.I wrote the telephone number from Lucy‘s new London appartment, which she recently has bought quite cheaply, down.  Length German: Separable vs. Inseparable prefixes Separable: Ich stelle das Geschirr hin. Inseparable: Martin über-wacht das Geschehen.

  23. clause boundary clause boundary Left- and right dislocation • constituent of the clause occurs outside the clause boundaries • advanced (left dislocation) My heart is broken now. My heart, it is broken now. gebrochen. Nun ist mein Herz Mein Herz, nun ist es gebrochen. → emphasize, define topic

  24. Left- and right dislocation • constituent of the clause occurs outside the clause boundaries • postponed (right dislocation) What do I need my heart for? clause boundary What do I need it for, my heart? Wofür brauche ich mein Herz jetzt noch? clause boundary Wofür brauche ich es jetzt noch, mein Herz? → give an afterthought

  25. Cleft sentence • complex sentence (main clause and subordinate clause) expresses a simple sentence • very common in English, rather seldom in German (flexibility in word order) My heart is broken now. It is my heart that is broken now. Mein Herz ist nun gebrochen. Es ist mein Herz gebrochen ist. , das nun → put focus on constituent

  26. Resultative construction • verb plus its arguments and additional phrase (AP or PP) expresses a result state of the event expressed by the verb You break my heart , so it falls into pieces. You break my heart into pieces. Du brichst mein Herz , deshalb ist es entzwei. Du brichst mein Herz entzwei.

  27. As-predicative • object includes hidden copular clause You see me . I am a heart-broken man. You see me as a heart-broken man. Sie sehen mich . Ich bin ein gebrochener Mann. Sie sehen mich als einen gebrochenen Mann.

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