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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Overview of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis The Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis ] Photosynthesis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Photosynthesis > Overview of Photosynthesis Overview of Photosynthesis • The Purpose and Process of Photosynthesis • Main Structures and Summary of Photosynthesis • The Two Parts of Photosynthesis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/photosynthesis-8/overview-of-photosynthesis-80/

  6. Photosynthesis > The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis • Introduction to Light Energy • Absorption of Light • Processes of the Light-Dependent Reactions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/photosynthesis-8/the-light-dependent-reactions-of-photosynthesis-81/

  7. Photosynthesis > The Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis The Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis • CAM and C4 Photosynthesis • The Calvin Cycle • The Carbon Cycle Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/photosynthesis-8/the-light-independent-reactions-of-photosynthesis-82/

  8. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  9. Photosynthesis Key terms • aerobicliving or occurring only in the presence of oxygen • C4 carbon fixationA form of photosynthesis in which plants concentrate CO2 spatially, with a RuBisCO reaction centre in a "bundle sheath cell" that is inundated with CO2 • carotenoidAny of a class of yellow to red plant pigments including the carotenes and xanthophylls. • cellular respirationthe set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) • chemiosmosisThe movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. • chemoautotropha simple organism, such as a protozoan, that derives its energy from chemical processes rather than photosynthesis • chlorophyllAny of a group of green pigments that are found in the chloroplasts of plants and in other photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria. • chloroplastAn organelle found in the cells of green plants and photosynthetic algae where photosynthesis takes place. • crassulacean acid metabolismA carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions, in which the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect carbon dioxide (CO2). • electromagnetic spectrumthe entire range of wavelengths of all known radiations consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, including gamma rays, visible light, infrared, radio waves, and X-rays • heterotrophan organism that requires an external supply of energy in the form of food, as it cannot synthesize its own • light-independent reactionchemical reactions during photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose, taking place in the stroma Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. Photosynthesis • mesophyllA layer of cells that comprises most of the interior of the leaf between the upper and lower layers of epidermis. • photoautotrophan organism that can synthesize its own food by using light as a source of energy • photophosphorylationThe addition of a phosphate (PO43-) group to a protein or other organic molecule by photosynthesis. • photosynthesisthe process by which plants and other photoautotrophs generate carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy in chloroplasts • photosystemEither of two biochemical systems, active in chloroplasts, that are part of photosynthesis. • photosystemEither of two biochemical systems active in chloroplasts that are part of photosynthesis. • ribulose bisphosphatean organic substance that is involved in photosynthesis, reacts with carbon dioxide to form 3-PGA • rubisco(ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase) a plant enzyme which catalyzes the fixing of atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis by catalyzing the reaction between carbon dioxide and RuBP • spectrophotometerAn instrument used to measure the intensity of electromagnetic radiation at different wavelengths. • stomaA pore in the leaf and stem epidermis that is used for gaseous exchange. • visible lightthe part of the electromagnetic spectrum, between infrared and ultraviolet, that is visible to the human eye • wavelengththe length of a single cycle of a wave, as measured by the distance between one peak or trough of a wave and the next; it corresponds to the velocity of the wave divided by its frequency Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Photosynthesis The Calvin Cycle The Calvin cycle has three stages. In stage 1, the enzyme RuBisCO incorporates carbon dioxide into an organic molecule, 3-PGA. In stage 2, the organic molecule is reduced using electrons supplied by NADPH. In stage 3, RuBP, the molecule that starts the cycle, is regenerated so that the cycle can continue. Only one carbon dioxide molecule is incorporated at a time, so the cycle must be completed three times to produce a single three-carbon GA3P molecule, and six times to produce a six-carbon glucose molecule. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44449/latest/Figure_08_03_02f.pngView on Boundless.com

  12. Photosynthesis Cross section of maize, a C4 plant Cross section of a C4 plant, specifically of a maize leaf. Drawing based on microscopic images courtesy of Cambridge University Plant Sciences Department. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."400px-Cross_section_of_maize_a_C4_plant..jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation%23/media/File:Cross_section_of_maize,_a_C4_plant..jpgView on Boundless.com

  13. Photosynthesis Cactus The harsh conditions of the desert have led plants like these cacti to evolve variations of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. These variations increase the efficiency of water usage, helping to conserve water and energy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Cactus1web.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cactus1web.jpgView on Boundless.com

  14. Photosynthesis Cross section of agave, a CAM plant Cross section of a CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plant, specifically of an agave leaf. Vascular bundles shown. Drawing based on microscopic images courtesy of Cambridge University Plant Sciences Department. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Cross_section_of_agave_a_CAM_plant..jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassulacean_acid_metabolism%23/media/File:Cross_section_of_agave,_a_CAM_plant..jpgView on Boundless.com

  15. Photosynthesis Photosynthetic and Chemosynthetic Organisms Photoautotrophs, including (a) plants, (b) algae, and (c) cyanobacteria, synthesize their organic compounds via photosynthesis using sunlight as an energy source. Cyanobacteria and planktonic algae can grow over enormous areas in water, at times completely covering the surface. In a (d) deep sea vent, chemoautotrophs, such as these (e) thermophilic bacteria, capture energy from inorganic compounds to produce organic compounds. The ecosystem surrounding the vents has a diverse array of animals, such as tubeworms, crustaceans, and octopi that derive energy from the bacteria. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 27, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44447/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  16. Photosynthesis Photosystems I & II As explained above, the photosystems manipulate electrons with energy harvested from light. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 27, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44448/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  17. Photosynthesis The Electromagnetic Spectrum The sun emits energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. This radiation exists at different wavelengths, each of which has its own characteristic energy. All electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, is characterized by its wavelength. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44448/latest/Figure_08_02_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  18. Photosynthesis Wavelengths The wavelength of a single wave is the distance between two consecutive points of similar position (two crests or two troughs) along the wave. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44448/latest/Figure_08_02_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Photosynthesis Photosystem II In the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center, energy from sunlight is used to extract electrons from water. The electrons travel through the chloroplast electron transport chain to photosystem I (PSI), which reduces NADP+ to NADPH. The electron transport chain moves protons across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen. At the same time, splitting of water adds protons to the lumen while reduction of NADPH removes protons from the stroma. The net result is a low pH in the thylakoid lumen and a high pH in the stroma. ATP synthase uses this electrochemical gradient to make ATP. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44448/latest/Figure_08_02_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. Photosynthesis The two stages of photosynthesis Photosynthesis takes place in two stages: light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions). Light-dependent reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membrane, use light energy to make ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle, which takes place in the stroma, uses energy derived from these compounds to make GA3P from CO2. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Overview of Photosynthesis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44447/latest/Figure_08_01_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis and Aerobic Respiration Photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide and produces oxygen. Aerobic respiration consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide. These two processes play an important role in the carbon cycle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44449/latest/Figure_08_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Photosynthesis Photosystems I & II A photosystem consists of a light-harvesting complex and a reaction center. Pigments in the light-harvesting complex pass light energy to two special chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction center. The light excites an electron from the chlorophyll a pair, which passes to the primary electron acceptor. The excited electron must then be replaced. In (a) photosystem II, the electron comes from the splitting of water, which releases oxygen as a waste product. In (b) photosystem I, the electron comes from the chloroplast electron transport chain. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44448/latest/Figure_08_02_07ab.pngView on Boundless.com

  23. Photosynthesis Structure of the Chloroplast Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which have an outer membrane and an inner membrane. Stacks of thylakoids called grana form a third membrane layer. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Overview of Photosynthesis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44447/latest/Figure_08_01_05.pngView on Boundless.com

  24. Photosynthesis Visible Light The colors of visible light do not carry the same amount of energy. Violet has the shortest wavelength and, therefore, carries the most energy, whereas red has the longest wavelength and carries the least amount of energy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44448/latest/Figure_08_02_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Photosynthesis Light Reactions Light-dependent reactions harness energy from the sun to produce chemical bonds, ATP, and NADPH. These energy-carrying molecules are made in the stroma where the Calvin cycle takes place. The Calvin cycle is not totally independent of light since it relies on ATP and NADH, which are products of the light-dependent reactions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44449/latest/Figure_08_03_01f.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Photosynthesis Chlorophyll a and b (a) Chlorophyll a, (b) chlorophyll b, and (c) β-carotene are hydrophobic organic pigments found in the thylakoid membrane. Chlorophyll a and b, which are identical except for the part indicated in the red box, are responsible for the green color of leaves. β-carotene is responsible for the orange color in carrots. Each pigment has (d) a unique absorbance spectrum. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44448/latest/Figure_08_02_05abcd.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Photosynthesis Pigments in Plants Plants that commonly grow in the shade have adapted to low levels of light by changing the relative concentrations of their chlorophyll pigments. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44448/latest/Figure_08_02_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. Photosynthesis Chemical equation for photosynthesis The basic equation for photosynthesis is deceptively simple. In reality, the process includes many steps involving intermediate reactants and products. Glucose, the primary energy source in cells, is made from two three-carbon GA3P molecules. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Overview of Photosynthesis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44447/latest/Figure_08_01_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Photosynthesis uses solar energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce energy-storing carbohydrates. Oxygen is generated as a waste product of photosynthesis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Overview of Photosynthesis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44447/latest/Figure_08_01_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Photosynthesis Structure of a leaf (cross-section) Photosynthesis takes place in the mesophyll. The palisade layer contains most of the chloroplast and principal region in which photosynthesis is carried out. The airy spongy layer is the region of storage and gas exchange. The stomata regulate carbon dioxide and water balance. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."800px-Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svgView on Boundless.com

  31. Photosynthesis Pineapple The pineapple is an example of a CAM plant. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassulacean_acid_metabolism#/media/File:Cross_section_of_agave,_a_CAM_plant..jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassulacean_acid_metabolism%23/media/File:Cross_section_of_agave,_a_CAM_plant..jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. Photosynthesis Attribution • Wiktionary."photosynthesis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/photosynthesis • Wiktionary."chemoautotroph."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chemoautotroph • Wiktionary."photoautotroph."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/photoautotroph • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44446/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 27, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44447/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."stoma."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stoma • Wikipedia."mesophyll."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mesophyll • Wiktionary."chloroplast."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chloroplast • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 27, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44447/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44447/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."photosystem."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/photosystem • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44447/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."wavelength."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wavelength • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/electromagnetic-spectrum • Wiktionary."visible light."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/visible_light • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44448/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."chlorophyll."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chlorophyll Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  33. Photosynthesis • Wiktionary."carotenoid."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carotenoid • Wiktionary."spectrophotometer."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spectrophotometer • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44448/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."photosystem."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/photosystem • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44448/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."photophosphorylation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/photophosphorylation • Wikipedia."chemiosmosis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chemiosmosis • Wikibooks."Cell Biology/Energy supply/Light Dependent Reactions."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cell_Biology/Energy_supply/Light_Dependent_Reactions • Wikipedia."light-independent reaction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/light-independent%20reaction • Wikipedia."ribulose bisphosphate."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ribulose%20bisphosphate • Wiktionary."rubisco."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rubisco • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44449/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."aerobic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aerobic • Wiktionary."heterotroph."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heterotroph • Wikipedia."cellular respiration."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cellular%20respiration • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44449/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."Using Light Energy."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis • Wikipedia."C4 Carbon Fixation."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation • Wikipedia."CAM."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassulacean_acid_metabolism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  34. Photosynthesis • OpenStax CNX."Using Light Energy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@9.87:NrNGneVh@8/Using-Light-Energy-to-Make-Org Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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