Agriculture

1. Agriculture Chapter 11

2. Key Question: What is Agriculture and Where did Agriculture Begin?

3. Organic Agriculture • Organic Agriculture – The production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers or the raising of livestock without hormones, antibiotics, and synthetic feeds. - sales of organic foods on the rise - grown everywhere - demand in wealthier countries

4. Organic Agriculture

5. Fair Trade Agriculture • Fair Trade Coffee – shade grown coffee produced by certified fair trade farmers, who then sell the coffee directly to coffee importers. - guarantees a “fair trade price” - over 500,000 farmers - produced in more than 20 countries - often organically produced

6. Fair trade coffee farmer in El Salvador grows his beans organically and in the shade, allowing him to get a much better price for his coffee.

7. Agriculture Agriculture – the purposeful tending of crops and raising of livestock in order to produce food and fiber.

8. Economic Activities • Primary economic activities products closest to the ground • Secondary economic activities Manufacturing of primary products into new products • Tertiary economic activities service industry – connecting producers to consumers to facilitate trade • Quaternary economic activities Information or the exchange of goods • Quinary economic activites tied into research or higher education

9. Arable Land Percent Arable by Country Does the percent of land that is arable in a country determine the agricultural output or the calorie consumption in a country?

10. The First Agricultural Revolution…Domestication of plants and Animals • Where did plant domestication begin? South and Southeast Asia early domestication of root crops, up to 14,000 years ago. Southwest Asia (the Fertile Crescent) early domestication of seed crops, about 10,000 years ago.

11. World Areas of Agricultural Innovations Carl Sauer identified 11 areas where agricultural innovations occurred.

12. Chief Source Regions of Important Crop Plant Domestications

13. The First Agricultural Revolution • Where did animal domestication begin? Fertile Crescent began about 8,000 years ago

14. World Areas of Agricultural Innovations Carl Sauer identified 11 areas where agricultural innovations occurred.

15. The Fertile Crescent – Where the planned cultivation of seed crops began. - because of seed selection, plants got bigger over time - generated a surplus of wheat and barley - first integration of plant growing and animal raising (used crops to feed livestock, used livestock to help grow crops)

16. Animal Domestication – - Relatively few animals have been domesticated - Attempts at domestication continue, but most fail

17. Old World Advantages Old World Crops New World Crops Wheats Corns Oats Squash Rice Beans Rye Cotton

18. Old World Advantages Old World Animals New World Animals Food Cows Turkey Pigs Guinea Pig Chicken Burden/Labor Horse Alpaca (llama) Ox Camel Donkey

19. Old World Advantages Old World Diseases New World Diseases With a history of diseases comes a developed immunity. The exchange of these was deadly for the new world… Small Pox None of significance Influenza Yellow Fever

20. Old World Advantages Called the Columbian Exchange after Christopher Columbus: Products transferred from Old to New and New to Old worlds show that the Old world had distinct geographical advantages that may have fostered the more rapid advancement of the Old World in contrast to the New World.

21. Impacts of the First Agricultural Revolution • Domestication of plants and animals creates surplus food supply and Free time. • Surplus food and free time creates specialization. • Specialization creates economics & hierarchy • Hierarchy creates civilization • Civilization creates: Gov’t, religion, knowledge

22. Subsistence Agriculture • Subsistence Agriculture – Agriculture in which people grow only enough food to survive. - farmers often hold land in common - some are sedentary, and some practice shifting cultivation * slash-and-burn

23. World Regions of Primarily Subsistence Agriculture On this map, India and China are not shaded because farmers sell some produce at markets; in equatorial Africa and South America, subsistence farming allows little excess and thus little produce sold at markets.

24. Settling down in one place, a rising population, and the switch to agriculture are interrelated occurrences in human history. Hypothesize which of these three happened first, second, and third, and explain why.

25. Key Question: How did Agriculture Change with Industrialization?

26. Second Agriculture Revolution • A series of innovations, improvements, and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural surpluses (started before the industrial revolution). • eg. seed drill advances in livestock breeding new fertilizers Three Field system Mechanization

27. Second Agriculture Revolution • Impacts of the Second Ag Rev: • Increased food production… First in Europe • Coincided with the Industrial Revolution • Spurred rapid urbanization • Created a huge population explosion (Demographic Transition stage 2)

28. Third Agriculture Revolution(Green Revolution… 1943-1970’s) • invention of high-yield grains, especially rice, with goal of reducing hunger. - increased production of rice - new varieties in wheat and corn - reduced famines due to crop failure, now most famines are due to political problems - impact (in terms of hunger) is greatest where rice is produced

29. Average Daily Calorie Consumption per Capita

30. Opposition to Green Revolution • Opposition argues Green Revolution has led to: • vulnerability to pests • Soil erosion • Water shortages • Micronutrient deficiencies • Dependency on chemicals for production • Loss of control over seeds

31. Year Round Rice Production –- lands that used to be used for family subsistence are now used for commercialized farming with revenues going to the men.- women do the work of rice production and see little of the benefit because of the power relations in Gambia

32. GMO’s • Last part of the 3rd Agricultural Revolution • DNA changed to change the plant’s properties • engineered to possess several desirable traits, including resistance to pests, herbicides, or harsh environmental conditions; improved product shelf life, and increased nutritional value

33. GMO’s • Generally by the core for the core • OPOSITION??? • Strong in Western Europe • Concerned about seed saving and cultural preservation • Health concerns

34. Regional and Local Change Geographer Judith Carney finds that changing agricultural practices alter the rural environment and economy and also relations between men and women. In Gambia, international development projects have converted wetlands into irrigated agricultural lands, in order to make production of rice year round.

35. Von Thunen Model • Von Thunen Model • What farmers produce varies by distance from the town, with livestock raising farthest from town. • Cost of transportation governs use of land. • First effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity.

36. Application of Von Thunen Model • Geographer Lee Liu studied the spatial pattern of agriculture production in China. Found: - farmers living in a village farm both lands close to the village and far away intensively - methods varied spatially – resulting in land improvement (by adding organic material) close to village and land degradation (lots of pesticides and fewer conservation tactics) farther from village.

37. Genetically engineered crops are yielding some ethical problems. In the semi-periphery, farmers typically keep seeds from crops so that they can plant the seeds the next year. Companies that produce genetically engineered seeds do not approve of this process; generally, they want farmers to purchase new seeds each year. Using the concepts of scale and jumping scale, determine the ethical questions in this debate.

38. Key Question: What Imprint does Agriculture make on the Cultural Landscape?

39. Cadastral Systems • Township and Range System (rectangular survey system) is based on a grid system that creates 1 square mile sections. • Metes and Bounds Survey uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land. • Longlot Survey System divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.

40. Dominant Land Survey Patterns in the US

41. Township and Range – The cultural landscape of Garden City, Iowa reflects the Township and Range system. Townships are 6x6 miles and section lines are every 1 mile.

42. Longlot Survey System – The cultural landscape of Burgandy, France reflects the Longlot Survey system, as land is divided into long, narrow parcels. People live in nucleated villages and land ownership is highly fragmented.

43. Agricultural Villages • Linear Village • Cluster Village (nucleated) • Round Village (rundling) • Walled Village • Grid Village

44. Village Forms

45. Functional Differentiation within Villages • Cultural landscape of a village reflects: • Social stratification (How is material well being reflected in the spaces of a village?) • Differentiation of buildings (What are they used for? How large are they?)

46. Stilt village in Cambodia Buildings look alike, but serve different purposes.

47. Farm in Minnesota each building serves a different purpose

48. Think of an agricultural region you have either visited or seen from an airplane. Describe the imprint of agriculture on this cultural landscape and consider what the cultural landscape tells you about how agriculture is produced in this region and how production has changed over time.

49. Key Question: What is the Global Pattern of Agriculture and Agribusiness?Book Notes!!!

50. Agriculture • Commercial Agriculture Term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology. - roots are in colonial agriculture - today, global production made possible by advances in transportation and food storage