ccTLD Management, ICANN, and the Public Interest July 26, 2001

1. ccTLD Management, ICANN, and the Public Interest July 26, 2001

2. ccTLD Timeline • February 1985 – .us (first ccTLD) created at USC • March 1994 – RFC 1591 describes ccTLD delegation policies • October 1998 – Death of Jon Postel • December 1998 – ICANN assumes the IANA function • March 1999 – ICANN/IANA publishes ICP-1 • May 1999 – ICANN formally recognizes ccTLD constituency • February 2000 – GAC publishes ccTLD Principles • May 2000 – ICANN requests voluntary contributions from ccTLD managers; collects 48% of invoiced total

3. ICANN IANA function Root zone file (ISO-3166) .gov .com .name .mil .eg .nz .net .coop .edu .ng .cn .org .museum .biz .aero .ru .us .info .pro .int .cg .uy

4. The root server system ICANN IANA Root zone file B H C I A D J E K F L G M

5. ICANN’s relationships with .com/.net/.org/… v. ccTLDs

6. ICP-1 Internet Domain Name System Structure and Delegation (ccTLD Administration and Delegation) • Principles for Delegation: • Desires of the government “taken very seriously” • “Significantly interested parties in the domain should agree that the proposed TLD manager is the appropriate party.” • Operational capability • Administrative/technical contact; administrative must reside in the country at issue • Fair treatment to all groups in the domain, under publicly-posted policies • Duty to serve the community as a trustee; concerns about “rights” and domain “ownership” inappropriate <http://www.icann.org/icp/icp-1.htm>

7. GAC Principles for ccTLD Delegation/Administration • ICANN should redelegate ccTLD management immediately, where terms exist between the TLD manager and government, upon breach of those terms • ICANN should redelegate ccTLD management immediately, where manager-government communication does not exist, upon a government showing and request • All future ccTLD re/delegations should occur only in cooperation with relevant governments • Delegees should not be subject to discriminatory practices by ICANN or by governments <http://www.icann.org/committees/gac/gac-cctldprinciples-23feb00.htm>

8. CDT Policy Principles for ccTLD Administration • Obligation to the needs of users, current and future • Open, transparent decision-making • Mechanisms for public outreach, effective representation, and accountability to user interests • Support public service objectives—e.g., encourage Internet access, accessibility, diversity, usability, education, affordability, etc. • Promote human rights, civil liberties, and democratic potential of the Internet • Non-discriminative, publicly posted policies

9. Present Models of ccTLD Management • “.com competitor” -- .tv, .ws, .cd -- Operated for global use by an offshore vendor, through contract with national governments • Private association -- .jp, .uk, .de -- Operated for national use by an association of technical stakeholders • Non-profit administrator -- .ca, .nz -- Operated for national use by a non-profit association of individual members • Direct government operation -- .ng, .ar, .kh -- Operated by a government agency/ministry • Academic/public service operation -- .us, .uy, .be -- Operated by a university, or by university volunteers • Private contractor -- .gh, .mn, .ae -- Run on a national basis as a for-profit business

10. CDT and the .us redelegation US Government Registry operator Non-profit policy corp. .us ICANN Root zone file IANA