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Grid Friendly Integration of Wind Turbines

Grid Friendly Integration of Wind Turbines. Markus Altenschulte. As Wind Power Plants increase in size and contribution …. Utility systems require that wind power plants: Provide Controlled and Predictable Power Response From Variations in Wind, Turbine and Grid Frequency

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Grid Friendly Integration of Wind Turbines

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  1. Grid Friendly Integrationof Wind Turbines Markus Altenschulte

  2. As Wind Power Plants increase in size and contribution … • Utility systems require that wind power plants: • Provide Controlled and Predictable Power Response From Variations in Wind, Turbine and Grid Frequency • Must remain connected to the grid following disturbances – in short, they must remain stable • Good locations for wind plants often entail connection to relatively weak transmission systems Wind plants must perform like a conventional power plant

  3. Plant Performance Solutions AEP Improvement Grid Friendly Capabilities O&M Tools

  4. Wind Farm Mgmt via WindCONTROLTM Plant level control system to bring “Grid Friendly” feature to Wind Power Plant… • Addresses Reliability Concerns of Grid Operators • Improve Grid Operability and Security • Increase Capability of Grids to Successfully Achieve High Levels of Wind Penetration • Today, over 180 WindCONTROLTM systems installed controlling more than 8000 turbines.

  5. Why Inertial Response: System Needs • Increasing Dependence on Wind Power • Large Grids with Significant Penetration of Wind Power • Modern variable speed wind turbine-generators do not contribute to system inertia • System inertia declines as wind generation displaces synchronous generators (which are de-committed) • Result is deeper frequency excursions for system disturbances • Increased risk of • Under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) • Cascading outages Inertial response will increase system security and aid large scale integration of wind power

  6. Example: Germany 4th November 2006

  7. An Example: 14GW, mostly hydro system, for trip of a large generator With WindINERTIA frequency excursion is ~9% better Reference Case Without WindINERTIA frequency excursion is ~4% worse

  8. WindCONTROL…Making a Wind Plant “Grid Friendly” • Regulates Plant Voltage and Power • Reactive power regulation to meet grid needs … Dynamic VAR Control • Limits the Rate of Change of Power from Variations in Wind Speed … Ramp Rate Control • Reacts to Changes in Grid Frequency … Frequency Droop, Inertial Response • Controls the Insertion and Removal of Large Power Blocks … Startup and Shutdown Control

  9. Thank youfor your attention GE Energy

  10. What makes a Wind Plant “Grid Friendly”? • Does not trip during Faults and other System Disturbances … ride through capability

  11. Grid Fault Ride-Through Requirements • Challenge: • Requirements vary considerably by country/utility/voltage level • Does not often distinguish between single phase vs three phase faults • Voltage level specified at Point of Interconnection (POI) … levels at each at turbine terminals is different depending upon plant design • Assumes single fault events followed by recovery OEM Response: Standard Ride-Through Requirement That Covers Most Cases

  12. Ride-Thru Capabilities • Remain on-line and feed reactive power through system disturbances • Meets present and emerging grid requirement with Low/Zero Voltage Ride Through (LVRT/ZVRT) capability • Meets transmission reliability standards similar to thermal generators • Fault Recovery • Voltage recovery better than conventional generator Voltage Zero Voltage Event Active Power Synchronous generator swings dramatically Apparent Power Reactive Power

  13. Testing & Validation Results

  14. 3-Phase, 200ms, Zero Voltage Fault Voltage Level Medium voltage bus drops to 0.0 Power recovers to pre-disturbance level in <200ms Active Power (delivered to Medium Voltage bus)

  15. What makes a Wind Plant “Grid Friendly”? • Does not trip during Faults and other System Disturbances … ride through capability • Regulates Plant Voltage and Power • Limits the Rate of Change of Power from Variations in Wind Speed … Ramp Rate Control • Reacts to Changes in Grid Frequency … Frequency Droop Control

  16. Wind Turbine Substation kW POI Generator Main Transformer kVAR 72 km 34.5kV 230kV Transformer ConverterControl WFMS Voltage Regulation Actual measurements from a 162MW wind plant • Regulates Grid Voltage at Point of Interconnection • Minimizes Grid Voltage Fluctuations Even Under Varying Wind Conditions Average Wind Speed Voltage at POI Wind Plant Voltage Wind Plant Power Output Average Wind Speed Voltage RegulationLike A Conventional Power Plant

  17. 2% Frequency Increase Power (kW) Frequency (Hz) Power Ramp Rate 50% Power Reduction Active Power Controls Curtailment Example • Typical Grid Requirements • Ramp rates • Power curtailment • Power droop w/ frequency Power Ramp Rates Power Droop Test

  18. What makes a Wind Plant “Grid Friendly”? • Does not trip during Faults and other System Disturbances … ride through capability • Regulates Plant Voltage and Power • Limits the Rate of Change of Power from Variations in Wind Speed … Ramp Rate Control • Reacts to Changes in Grid Frequency … Frequency Droop • Controls the Insertion and Removal of Large Power Blocks … Startup and Shutdown Control

  19. Wind Plant Startup Wind Plant Power Ramping at less than 3MW/Min Settings:Turbines Sequenced On at 20 second IntervalsDesired Ramp Rate Limit 3MW/Min 1 Minute Average Ramp Rate (kW/sec) Turbines transitioning Online Number of Turbines Online Power (kW) Wind Plant Output Controlled During Startup Conditions

  20. Wind Plant Shutdown Settings:Shutdown Interval Set to 5 Minutes Turbines transitioning Off-line Number of Turbines Online Power (kW) Wind Plant Power Ramping to Zero in 5 Mins Wind Plant Output Controlled During Shutdown Conditions

  21. What makes a Wind Plant “Grid Friendly”? • Does not trip during Faults and other System Disturbances … ride through capability • Regulates Plant Voltage and Power • Limits the Rate of Change of Power from Variations in Wind Speed … Ramp Rate Control • Reacts to Changes in Grid Frequency … Frequency Droop • Controls the Insertion and Removal of Large Power Blocks … Startup and Shutdown Control • Provides Reactive Power When Needed … Wind Free Reactive Power

  22. WindFREE Reactive Power • Wind Turbine converter can deliver reactive power (kVAR) without wind (kW) • Benefits weak grids and systems with high wind penetration • Voltage support continues without active power generation…even following trips Reactive Power - even without wind

  23. 2.5 WTG Reactive Power Capability WindFREE Reactive Power Cos 0.90 Cos 0.95

  24. What makes a Wind Plant “Grid Friendly”? • Does not trip during Faults and other System Disturbances … ride through capability • Regulates Plant Voltage and Power • Limits the Rate of Change of Power from Variations in Wind Speed … Ramp Rate Control • Reacts to Changes in Grid Frequency … Frequency Droop • Controls the Insertion and Removal of Large Power Blocks … Startup and Shutdown Control • Provides Reactive Power When Needed … Wind Free Reactive Power • Provides inertial response to address under-frequency events … WindINERTIA

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