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Power System Dynamics Analysis

Power System Dynamics Analysis. Complexity in the WSCC August 10, 1996 System Disturbance David P. Chassin, October 16, 2002 Contact: david.chassin@pnl.gov. 6Nov98. August 1996 West Coast Blackout Summary of Events. WSCC 8-10-96 15:48 PAST major disturbance

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Power System Dynamics Analysis

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  1. Power System Dynamics Analysis Complexity in the WSCC August 10, 1996 System Disturbance David P. Chassin, October 16, 2002 Contact: david.chassin@pnl.gov 6Nov98

  2. August 1996 West Coast Blackout Summary of Events • WSCC 8-10-96 15:48 PAST major disturbance • 4 islands, 7.5M customers out up to 9 hours • Initiating event: 500 kV Keeler-Allston flashover to trees • Trip cause: poor right-of-way maintenance • Numerous supporting events • Follow-up events • COI limit lowered to 3200 MW (Aug 11) • Account for limits at McNary (exciter) and The Dalles (fish) • Raised Aug 12-14 to 3600 MW to avoid blackouts in CA 2

  3. PNNL and Power Systems • DOE Transmission Reliability Program • Real-Time Grid Reliability Management • Reliability and Markets, Load as a Resource • Distributed Energy Resources Integration • Infrastructure Assurance Outreach Program • Utility vulnerability assessments • Interaction with NERC, others on security topics • Interest in SCADA security • Energy System Transformation Initiative • Integrated econophysics modeling and simulation • Next generation power technology development 3

  4. Disturbances Unobserved response System planning Power System operation System Automatic control Observed response Measurement Based Information System Decision Processes Information Wide-Area Measurement SystemDynamic monitor network supports advanced analysis “Better information supports better - and faster - decisions.” 4

  5. Real-Time System DataCollected from various monitors throughout the grid Bonneville Power Administration Phasor Data Concentrator 5

  6. Power System Measurement ToolsTools for managing data & signal analysis 6

  7. “Ringdown” Analysis ToolAdvanced dynamic analysis Extracting a linear model from measured data • Dynamic analysis • Model validation • Control design 7

  8. Advanced Dynamic System Analysis and Model Validation August 10, 1996 post-disturbance analysis Determine if model calibration is needed. Currently working with western utilities to improve power grid models 8

  9. Power System Econophysics PJM 1999 Load/Price Probability Distributions Q = Qmax (11/P2)4.54 Abstract Transactive Machine 9

  10. Four Corners Unit 5 Tripped with 710 MW on May 8, 2002 At 13:38 PDT With GFA: Frequency Excursion Arrests at 59.950 Hz within 0.7 sec. Frequency (Hz) Without GFA: Frequency Drops to 59.886 Hz within 5.8 sec. Seconds (from 13:38:20 PDT) Grid-Friendly Appliance Controller Grid Friendly™ Appliances Grid-friendly appliances… …rapid, automatic response to grid crises …platform for active communication & control …pre-heat/pre-cool to coast through peaks …utilize & value thermal storage …increase reliability & security …unnoticeable by consumer …mass customization/marketing 106 =100 Loads and Reserves on a Typical U.S. Peak Day Residential (non-GFA) 10% Industrial 28% Residential (GFA) 20% GFA potential exceeds US operating reserve requirements! Operating reserves 13% Commercial 29% “…given enough ants, you can move a mountain!...” impromptu reaction from a utility power engineer 10

  11. Overview of WSCC August 10, 1996 15:48 PAST Disturbance Based on WSCC Disturbance Report Approved by WSCC Operations Committee on October 18, 1996

  12. High northwest transmission loading • High imports to CA • Heavy imports from Canada and Idaho • COI at 4750 MW • Similar to conditions prior to 7/2/96 disturbance • Warning signs visible • Previous high-load issues • Small power/large voltage swings • Suggested voltage support problems in NW 12

  13. Equipment out of service • Lines • 500 kV: Big Eddy-Ostrander, John Day-Marion, and Marion-Lane (reactive support around Portland) flashover to trees • 115 kV: Allston-Rainer degraded hdwr, Longview-Lexington cable installation. • Breakers • 500 kV: Marion, Keeler (modifications) • Transformers • 500/230 kV: Keeler (modification) • Static VAR Comp (SVC) • Keeler reduced support to500 kV (tied to 230 kV side) x x x 13

  14. Triggering Events • 15:42:37 Keller-Allston • Sags into trees, flashes, trips • Overload par-lines hold 5 min • McNary react-power at max • 15:47:29 St. Johns-Merwin • Lines trip on relay malfunc. • KA par-line loads increase • 15:47:36 Ross-Lexington • Tree flashover and trip • 207 MW from Swift lost • System voltage sags • 15:47:36 McNary • Units trip, exciter problem • System power/voltage osc. begins • ID-UT-CO-AZ-NM-NV Surge • COI power flows down east side • Out-of-step trips • CA-AZ remain tied together ! ! ! ! ! 14

  15. Final Result • 28,000 MW of under-frequency load shedding • 20,000 MW of undesired generation loss • Four major islands • Northern California (North of LA to Oregon border) • Losses: 11,600 MW load; 7,900 MW generation • Frequency excursions: 58.54 – 60.7 – 58.3, restored in 2.5 hrs. • Southern California (SoCal, NV, AZ, NM, El Paso, Baja) • Losses: 15 820 MW load; 13,500 MW generation • Frequency excursions: 61.3 – 58.5, restored in 70 min. • Northern (BC, OR, WA, MT, WY, ID) • Losses: 2,100 MW load; 5,700 MW generation • Frequency excursions: 60.4, restored in 7 minutes • Alberta • Losses: 970 MW load; 146 MW generation • Frequency excursions: 60.4 – 59.0, restored in 6 minutes 15

  16. Open Questions re. Complexity • Report only identifies the incontrovertible points and fails to address more controversial questions: • Why was line maintenance inadequate? • Why was system operated in single-contingency mode? • Why did AZ-CA separation scheme fail to operate? • Why did models fail to predict oscillations? • Why did system damping fail? • Lesson for us: • Don’t go just by the official reports. Much more is not reported or discussed because of sensitivities. The social dynamics of a tightly knit community factors into what is knowable. We have to look deeper. 16

  17. Problems Persist 480 MW generation dropped 2900 MW generation tripped 1400 MW Chief Joe brake inserted ~350 MW load loss ~86 MW UFLS 17

  18. Questions and Comments

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