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Phonetics

Phonetics. Description and articulation of phones. Describing Consonants. We use three parameters to describe phones: VOICING PLACE OF ARTICULATION MANNER OF ARTICULATION The IPA chart shows all three parameters for each phone. VOICING.

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Phonetics

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  1. Phonetics Description and articulation of phones

  2. Describing Consonants • We use three parameters to describe phones: • VOICING • PLACE OF ARTICULATION • MANNER OF ARTICULATION • The IPA chart shows all three parameters for each phone

  3. VOICING • The state of the vocal folds (VF) determines whether a sound is voiced or voiceless • When VF are open air can pass through it freely, without any vibration • When VF are drawn close together air passes through it with w/ difficulty, creating vibration • Compare [s] vs [z] ; [f] vs [v]; [k] vs [g]

  4. PLACE OF ARTICULATION • Refers to WHERE in the vocal tract a constriction is made (generally with some part of the tongue)

  5. Places of articulation (see p. 18 in cp) • Bilabial [p, b, m, w] • Closure of both lips • Labiodental [f, v] • Lower lip touches upper teeth • Interdental [D, T] • Tongue protrudes through teeth • Alveolar [t, d, s, z, n, l, ®] • Tongue touches alveolar ridge

  6. Places of articulation, continued • Palatal [S, Z, tS, dZ, j] • Top of tongue approximates/touches the middle/hard palate • Velar [k, g, ŋ] • Back of tongue touches the soft palate/velum • Glottal [h, /] • Opening or closing of the glottis (the space between the vocal folds)

  7. MANNER OF ARTICULATION • Refers to HOW this constriction is made

  8. Manners of Articulation • Stop [p, b, t, d, k, g, /] & [n, m, N] • airflow through mouth is completely impeded • Fricative [f, v, s, z, D, T, S, Z, h] • narrow constriction produces turbulence • Affricate [tS, dZ] • a stop followed by a fricative

  9. Manners of Articulation, cont’d • Nasal [m, n, N] • air flows through the nose; velum is lowered • Approximants [l, ® (liquids)] [w, j (glides)] • wide constriction that does not produce turbulence ** FLAP: the voiced alveolar flap [R] is also an English sound, though it’s not listed in the chart.**

  10. Properties of Vowels • Most Sonorant (Audible) Sounds • Almost always voiced • Vowel sounds change according to SHAPE of vocal tract, no obstructions in vowels

  11. Parameters • Review: Consonant parameters? • Voicing, Place of articulation, Manner of articulation • Vowel articulation is described using FOUR parameters.

  12. Four parameters of vowels • Tongue HEIGHT • high / mid / low • Tongue BACKNESS • front / central / back • Lip ROUNDING • round / unround • TENSENESS • tense / lax

  13. front central back i u high U  Round e o ´ mid ç E Q a low Lax Tense Vowel Trapezium

  14. Tongue Height • High: leak, lick, Luke, Look • [i], [], [u], [U] • Mid: bait, bet, but, bought, boat • [e], [E], [´], [ç], [o] • Low: cat, con • [Q], [a]

  15. Tongue Backness • Front: seek, sick, sake, sec, sack • [i], [I], [e], [E], [Q] • Central: luck • [´] • Back: ooze, look, road, law, dot • [u], [U], [o], [ç], [a]

  16. Lip Rounding • In English, only the high and mid back vowels are produced with lip rounding • Round vowels: [u], [U], [o], [ç] • Unround vowels: all the other vowels

  17. Tenseness • Tense vowels • the tongue is at an extreme height or backness • Lax vowels • the tongue is not at an extreme position • Compare Pete and pit

  18. Diphthongs • A diphthong is a complex vowel where the tongue begins in one place and moves to another (a two part vowel sound) • The vowel diphthongs: • [aj]: bite • [aw]: bout • [oj]: boy

  19. Drills • Voicing • VD or VL • Place • BL, LD, ID, A, P, V, G • Manner • S, F, AF, N, AP

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