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Production of Strawberries in Florida

Production of Strawberries in Florida. Monica Cooper. Field Preparation. Clear all debris Construct raised beds Fumigate 2 weeks later, set transplants (15-16 in.) Transplant selection early season yield 3 varieties/field ‘Sweet Charlie’ & ‘Camarosa’.

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Production of Strawberries in Florida

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  1. Production of Strawberries in Florida Monica Cooper

  2. Field Preparation • Clear all debris • Construct raised beds • Fumigate • 2 weeks later, set transplants (15-16 in.) • Transplant selectionearly season yield • 3 varieties/field • ‘Sweet Charlie’ & ‘Camarosa’

  3. Gulf Coast Research & Education CenterDover, FL

  4. The Pathogens • Botrytis cinerea • Colletotrichum acutatum • Colletotrichum gloeosporioides • Colletotrichum fragariae • Xanthomonas fragariae • Sphaerotheca macularis

  5. Gray mold • Botrytis cinerea • Small, firm, light brown spots • Fruit eventually covered with gray mass of mycelium • Invades blossoms, then infects maturing fruit • Postharvest

  6. Management • Leaf sanitation & plant spacing • Cultivars with smaller calyxes • Partially resistant cultivars • Biological controls • Treat transplants • Broad spectrum fungicide on weekly basis • Iprodione during peak bloom periods

  7. Postharvest: • Avoid overripe or damaged fruit • Avoid injury • Cool fruit • Maintain in CO2 rich atmosphere

  8. Anthracnose fruit rot • Colletotrichum acutatum • Round, firm, sunken lesions on fruit • Pink, orange, salmon-colored spore masses • Favored by warm temperatures & rainfall • May cause serious losses in nursery

  9. Management practices • Avoidance • Resistance • Use minimal amounts of Nitrogen • Remove infected fruit from field • Captan or Thiram (protectant) • Quadris (azoxystrobin)

  10. Anthracnose crown rot • Colletotrichum gloeosporioides • Colletotrichum fragariae • Wilting & death • Temperature dependent • Warm weather & frequent rainfall • Reddish brown rot or streaking in the tissue of the crown

  11. Management • Preventative • End of season removal of inoculum • Resistant cultivars • Benlate (benomyl) • Topsin M (thiophanate-methyl)

  12. Angular leaf spot • Xanthomonas fragariae • Angular, water soaked leaf spots • Translucent lesions • Very resistant to desiccation • May become systemic

  13. Angular leaf spot • Prevention • No resistant commercial cultivars • Copper containing bactericides

  14. Sphaerotheca macularis • Powdery mildew • White, web-like growth • Undersides of leaves • Cool • High humidity • Severe in glasshouses & tunnels

  15. Management • Clean stock • Destroy leaves on which pathogen overseasons • Protectant fungicide • Resistant varieties (‘Sweet Charlie’)

  16. The Arthropod Pests • Twospotted spider mite • Armyworms • Thrips • Field cricket • Sap beetle

  17. Tetranychus urticae • 88% of growers • Warm, spring weather • Reduce yield • Blooms and developing fruit

  18. Spider mite • Clean transplants • Beneficial mites (30% of growers) • Miticides • undersides of leaves

  19. Fall & Southern Armyworms • Spodoptera fruqiperda • Spodoptera eridania • Larvae feed on fruit & leaves • Prefer young, developing leaves • Nocturnal

  20. Management practices • MonitoringSept. through Dec. • Bacillus thuringiensis • Methomyl

  21. Flower thrips • Frankliniella cephalica • Wind-borne • Rasp flowers • Mistaken for powdery mildew, spray burn damage

  22. Field cricket • Gryllus firmus & G. rubens • 2-5 months after beds covered • Nymphs & adults feed on crowns & scrape seeds from green fruits

  23. Scouting • Insecticides

  24. Sap beetle • Lobiopa insularis • Minor concern • Overripe, damaged berries • Disseminate fruit rot pathogens • Warm weather

  25. Management • Maintain sound fruit • Don’t leave overripe fruit in field • Harvest all areas of field • Scout • Insecticides, only in case of population explosion

  26. Beneficial Arthropods • Predaceous mite • Sixspotted thrips • Lady beetle larva • Minute pirate bug larva • Hover fly

  27. Phytoseiulus persimilis • Orange, shiny • Faster than spider mites • Specialized predator of webspinning spider mites • Careful in choice of insecticides

  28. Sixspotted thrips • Feeds on mites, other small arthropods • 3 dark spots on each forewing

  29. Minute pirate bug larva • Orius insidiosus • Thrips, mites, mite eggs, aphids

  30. Hover fly • Flower fly, syrphid fly • Mistaken for fruit fly • Distinguished by ability to hover & fly backwards • Adultpollinators • Larvaepredaceous on aphid

  31. Methyl bromide Methomyl (Lannate) Armyworm 65-80% acreage 3-5.2 times/season Fenbutatin-oxide Vendex Mite 31-61% acreage 1.7-4.8 times/season Abamectin (Agri-Mek) Mite 68-83% of acreage 2.5-3.4 times/season Diazinon Armyworm 24-35% of acreage 2.5-3.4 times/season Naled (Dibrom) 15% acreage 2.2-3.1 times/season Insecticides & Miticides

  32. More chemicals • Carbaryl (Sevin) • 11% of acreage • 2.6 times/season • Bacillus thuringiensis • When populations of worms low • 57-65% of acreage • 4.2-5.2 times/season

  33. Several grasses & broadleaf weeds Managed mainly by fumigation & plastic mulch Weeds problem in: Row middles Planting holes Perimeter of field Nutsedge: Most troublesome Not managed by plastic mulch Weeds

  34. Weed management • Cultivation of row middles • Hand weeding • Plastic mulches • Cover crops, sods, living mulches • Fallowing • Herbicides • Applied to row middles • Rotate herbicides due to changing weed population over 6-7 month season

  35. Herbicides • Paraquat (Gramoxone) • Postemergence • Annual broadleaf & grasses • Top kill of perennials • Non-selective, need shield to protect berries • 82-98% of acreage, 1.7-1.9 applications/season • Napropamide (Devrinol) • Annual grasses & broadleaf weeds • Not effective on established weeds • Not from bloom to harvest • 25% of acreage, 1.23 applications/season

  36. Sting Belonolaimus longicaudatus Root knot Meloidogyne spp. Foliar Aphelenchoides sp. Make plants more susceptible to: Drought Salt damage Other pathogens Fusarium sp. Pythium sp. Nematodes

  37. Sting nematode • Ectoparasite • Most damaging: • Nurseries • Transplants • Sandy soil • 25-30oC

  38. Symptoms: • Well defined borders • Dead transplants • Stunting, decline, dormancy • Browning of leaf edges • On roots: • Overall, coarse appearance • Tips injured • No new growth • Lack of feeder roots

  39. Sampling At end of growing season When soil damp, not soggy or dry 10-20 samples at depth of 6-10 inches Management practices: Preplant or postharvest Clean stock Destroy crop at end of season Fallowing with frequent tillage Cover crop Crop rotation Chemicalmost common Nematodes

  40. Methyl bromide • January 1, 2005 • Soil fumigant • Controls • Weeds • Nematodes • soil-borne pathogens & insects • Telone C-17 or C-35 with Devrinol • Telone EC • Mulches, cover crops

  41. Tunnel system • Decrease disease • Increase early season yields • Where water is limiting factor • ‘Sweet Charlie’

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