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Maternal Behavior

Maternal Behavior. Biological Basis of Maternal Behavior. An innate behavior in ewe, maternal behavior can be induced with a combination of estrogen and progesterone and progesterone followed by corticosteroid increasing oxytocin in the cerebrospinal fluid -- stimulate maternal behavior.

Michelle
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Maternal Behavior

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  1. Maternal Behavior

  2. Biological Basis of Maternal Behavior • An innate behavior • in ewe, maternal behavior can be induced with a combination of estrogen andprogesterone and progesterone followed by corticosteroid • increasing oxytocin in the cerebrospinal fluid -- stimulate maternal behavior

  3. General Principles of Maternal Behavior • Learning • the role of learning in maternal behavior is found mostly in higher primate • Not well investigate in domestic animal • Beef is compared to dairy cattle >>> beef cattle exhibit more maternal behavior

  4. General Principles of Maternal Behavior • Concaveation • the role of higher portion of the CNS is phenomenon by which the presence of neonates can induce maternal behavior in virgin female and even in males >>called “concaveation” • Olfactory bulbectomized rat >> increase in cannibalism

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  6. Maternal Behavior of Domestic Animal • Pig • confined sow • nest building : last 48 hr prepartum -- nest seeking, nest building (gathering nest material, arranging it by rooting, nosing)

  7. Pigs • Parturition • once labor begins : lie down in lateral recumbency, swish her tail violently as abdominal straining take place • parturition usually take 3-4 hr (but vary with litter size and condition of the gilt)

  8. Pigs • Parturition (cont) • Behavior of the Sow Toward the Neonate • not confine: eat placenta • most piglet begin to breath, quickly struggle free from the fetal membrane, a few will not • human : help to remove membrane, clearing of the airway, stimulation of respiration

  9. Pigs • Parturition (cont) • Behavior of the Neonatal Piglet Toward the Sow • most startling transition from fetal to independent existence • most piglet are nursing within 30 min • piglet are attracted to soft, warm surface, pig vocalization, and the sow’s odor • first born piglet : use thermal, tactile, olfactory cue to find udder

  10. Pigs • Nursing • 10 hr after the birth of first pigs -- nursing become cyclic (bout, every 40 min) • peak of grunting frequency of sow (call piglet, massage the udder with snout) -- correspond with oxytocin

  11. Pigs • Mutual Recognition • use olfaction to identify one another but need more than 1 days • piglet can identify their dam’s feces, milk and urine odor and vocalization • piglet can easily be fostered onto other sow (sow’s litter < 1 day old) • sow will reject strange piglets older than 2 days (based on olfaction)

  12. Pigs • Clinical problems • canibalism • defensive reaction • cross fostering

  13. Sheep • Parturition • Licking and sucking • Acceptance of the lamb • Mutual recognition by the ewe and lamb • recognition of the lamb by the ewe : depend on at least 3 senses : olfactory, auditory, and vision

  14. Sheeps • Mutual recognition by the ewe and lamb • recognition of the ewe by the lamb :not able to discriminate her ewe very well (early), mature lamb : visual cues become more important • auditory cue -- important

  15. Sheep • Clinical problems • cross fostering • mis-mothering • oral vice of artificial reared lamb

  16. Goats • When parturition approach, multiparous doe, leave the herd -- seek a sheltered place, and defend this area : lick the kid, vocalize frequently • Intensive maternal behavior -- short-lived • the kid -- left the does to hide and the does will rejoin the herd or stay

  17. Goats • Clinical problem • kid rejection

  18. Cattle • Parturition • 82% :- occur between noon and midnight, placenta -- eaten by cow • Bonding • heritability of maternal behavior :- low in cattle, some breed -- more than the other breed • cow groom their calve -- early postpartum, concentrating on the back and abdomen

  19. Cattle • Bonding (cont) • critical period for formation of the cow-calf bond -- the first few hours postpartum • Suckling • passive transfer of immunity to calves :- poor in dystocia • Clinical problem • nonnutritional sucking • cross fostering

  20. Horse • Parturition • onset of parturition in mare :- heralded by waxing of the udder • body temperature : low, walk more, stand less • first stage is 4 hr, restless, crouch, straddle, urinate • the smell of fetal fluid -- attractive to parturient mare • second stage :- lateral recumbency, violent, short time

  21. Horse • Postparturient behavior • licking • sniffing :- concentrate first on the head later on hind quarter (perianal area) • imprinting • Nursing • suckling 4 times per day • wean at 40 weeks

  22. Horse • Mutual recognition • neigh or winnies -- locate her foal • Clinical problem • mis-mothering • foal rejection

  23. Cat • Parturition • Nursing, teat order • Grooming • Acceptance of kittens • Clinical problem • infanticide • mis-mothering

  24. Dog • Parturition • Nursing • Weaning • Clinical problem • pseudopregnancy • maternal rejection

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