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Plankton Culture for Feeding Larval Fish and Shellfish

Plankton Culture for Feeding Larval Fish and Shellfish. LaDon Swann Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium Auburn University. Shellfish Larval Culture. Larval Rearing. Trocophore Size 50-60 microns 6-12 hours post-fertilization D-Hinge or Straight Hinge Size 70-80 microns

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Plankton Culture for Feeding Larval Fish and Shellfish

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  1. Plankton Culture for Feeding Larval Fish and Shellfish LaDon Swann Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium Auburn University

  2. Shellfish Larval Culture

  3. Larval Rearing • Trocophore • Size 50-60 microns • 6-12 hours post-fertilization • D-Hinge or Straight Hinge • Size 70-80 microns • 24-48 hours post-fertilization • Bivalve Shell • Velum - Swimming and Feeding organ

  4. Larval Rearing • Veliger or Umbo Larvae • Size 80-300 microns • Stage last 8-12 days • Well defined umbo • Pediveliger or “Eyed” Larvae • Size >300 microns • Pigmented eye-spot • Muscular foot

  5. Phytoplankton Production • Feeding Larvae • Cell Size 4-8 microns • Species • Isochrysis galbana • Chaetoceros gracilis • Nannochloris sp. • Chlorella sp. • Pavlova lutheri

  6. Pavlova lutheri • Morphology • Golden brown • Spherical with 2 flagella • 3-6 µm • Salinity • 8-32 ppt • Temperature • 11-26 °C • Culture media • Guillards f/2 • Proximate Analysis • 52% Protein • 24% Carbs • 29% Fat

  7. Isochrysis galbana • Morphology • Tahiti (T-Iso strain) • Golden brown • Cells spherical with 2 flagella • 5-6 µm length, 2-4 µm wide • Salinity • 8-32 ppt • Temperature • 23 - 28°C • Culture media • Guillards f/2 • Proximate Analysis • 47% Protein • 24% Carbs • 17% Fat

  8. Chaetoceros gracilis • Morphology • Golden brown diatom • Medium-size 12 µm wide, 10.5 µm long • Cells united in chains • Salinity • 26 - 32 ppt • Temperature • 28 - 30°C • Culture media • Guillards f/2 with Si • Proximate Analysis • 28% Protein • 23% Carbs • 9% Fat

  9. Plankton for Shellfish • Broodstock and Spat • Cell Size 10-24 microns • Species • Tetraselmis sp. • Green • Thalassiosra sp. • Diatom

  10. Tetraselmis sp. • Morphology • Ovoid green cells • 14 to 23 µm L X 8 µm W • 4 flagella • Salinity • 28-36 ppt • Temperature • 22-26°C • Culture media • Guillards f/2 • Proximate Analysis • 55% Protein • 18% Carbs • 14% Fat

  11. Thalassiosra sp. • Morphology • Golden brown diatom • Cells united in chains • Barrel-shaped • Non-motile • 4 µm • Salinity • 26 – 32 ppt • Temperature • 22-29 °C • Culture media • Guillards f/2 with Si • Other characteristics

  12. Micro Algae Culture • Culture Water • Sterilization • Nutrient Enrichment • Inoculation • Cell Counts • Harvest and Feeding • Stock Culture

  13. Culture Water • Sources • Seawater • Saltwater wells • Prepared seawater • Salinity • 26-32 ppt

  14. Sterilization • Methods • Heat Pasteurization • 80 C and cool naturally • Autoclave • Sodium Hypochlorite (bleach) • 0.5 ml/L (10 drops) • Neutralize: 10-15 ml sodium thiosulfate (248 g/L) per liter • Hydrochloric acid (muriatic) • 0.2 ml/L (4 drops) • Neutralize: Na2CO3 0.4-0.9 g/L

  15. Nutrient Enrichment • Guillard’s f/2 • Part A and B • 0.5 ml/L each part • Na2Si03 for diatoms

  16. Inoculation • Culture vessels • 1,000 ml flask • 18.7 L (5 gal.) Carboy (glass) • 178 L (47 gal) Transparent Tank • Add enough algae to give a strong tint to the water • 100,000-200,000/ml • Lighting • Types • Sunlight • Fluorescent • VHO fluorescent • Metal halide • Highest Densities: 24/7

  17. Peak Algae Density I. Galbana 10-12 million cells/ml 10-14 days 2 wk stability T. pseudonana 4 million cells/ml 3 days 5 day stability Hemacytometer Count total in centermost 1 mm Multiply by 10,000 Product = number/ml Cell Counts Motile cells should be killed

  18. Algae Density Wk 1 = 50,000 cells/ml Wk 2+ = 100,000 cells/ml Onset of spatting = 200,000/ml Tank cleared in 24hrs Larvae Density 5-10 larvae/ml Harvest and Feeding Liters to feed = (TD x V)/CD TD = Target Density (1,000s/ml) V = Volume of larval tank (thousands of L) CD = Cell Density (millions/ml)

  19. Harvesting and Feeding • Batch • Total harvest occurs once or over several days • Semi-Continuous • Works well with diatoms • Part of the algae remains in the vessel • New media is added to replenish the algae removed

  20. Purchase pure strain Avoid contamination No aeration Half filed container Redundancy Holding Test tubes Conical flasks Transfer 1 drop/wk for T. pseudonana 1 drop/2 wk for I. galbana Stock Culture

  21. Marine Fish Larval Culture • Relies on zooplankton

  22. Marine Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis • Culture units • 40L plastic bags • 40L cone-bottomed tanks • Temperature 27-30 C • Salinity 26 ppt

  23. Rotifers • Laboratory production • 100 to 200+ mm size • 2-3 week life span • small size suitable as first food

  24. Feeding Marine Fish • Rotifers • Typical first food in hatchery • Feed algae or yeast • Enrichment needed

  25. Artemia • Feeding of older larvae

  26. Use of copepods

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