Monoclonal Antibody

1. Monoclonal antibody Prepared By Ms. Prexita Patel Dept. of Pharmacology Anand Pharmacy College, Anand

2. What is Monoclonal antibody? An antibody produced by a single clone of cells or cell line and consisting of identical antibody molecules. Monoclonal antibodies can be acquired in the immune system via passive immunity or active immunity. The advantage of active monoclonal antibody therapy is the fact that the immune system will produce antibodies long-term, with only a short-term drug administration to induce this response. However, the immune response to certain antigens may be inadequate, especially in the elderly. Additionally, adverse reactions from these antibodies may occur because of long-lasting response to antigens. Passive monoclonal antibody therapy can ensure consistent antibody concentration, and can control for adverse reactions by stopping administration. However, the repeated administration and consequent higher cost for this therapy are major disadvantages.

3. Therapy types Radio immunotherapyIt involves the use of radioactively-conjugated murine antibodies against cellular antigens. Used in lymphomas. Tositumomabis an example used for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 2. Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) involves the application of cancer-associated monoclonal antibodies that are linked to a drug-activating enzyme. Systemic administration of a non-toxic agent results in the antibody's conversion to a toxic drug, resulting in a cytotoxic effect that can be targeted at malignant cells. 3. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are antibodies linked to one or more drug molecules. Typically when the ADC meets the target cell (e.g. a cancerous cell) the drug is released to kill it. 4.Immunoliposome therapyImmunoliposomes are antibody-conjugated liposomes. Liposomes can carry drugs or therapeutic nucleotides and when conjugated with monoclonal antibodies, may be directed against malignant cells. Immunoliposomes used in vivo to convey tumor-suppressing genes into tumors. Tissue-specific gene delivery using Immunoliposomes has been achieved in brain and breast cancer tissue.

4. Checkpoint therapyIt uses antibodies and other techniques to circumvent the defenses that tumors use to suppress the immune system. Each defense is known as a checkpoint. Compound therapies combine antibodies to suppress multiple defensive layers. Known checkpoints include CTLA-4 targeted by ipilimumab, PD-1 targeted by nivolumab and pembrolizumab and the tumor microenvironment.

5. Monoclonal Antibody Production

6. How Monoclonal Antibody Work ?

8. What are the uses for monoclonal antibodies? • It is called immunotherapy therapy because each type of monoclonal antibody will target a specific targeted antigen in the body. • Uses for monoclonal antibodies include: • Cancer • Rheumatoid arthritis • Multiple sclerosis • Cardiovascular disease • Systemic lupus erythematosus • Crohn's disease • Ulcerative colitis • Psoriasis • Transplant rejection, and several more conditions

9. Common side effects of monoclonal antibodies include: • Allergic reactions • Chills • Weakness • Diarrhea • Nausea • Vomiting • Rash • Itching • High blood glucose levels • Cough • Constipation

10. Other side effects of monoclonal antibodies include: • Shortness of breath • Peripheral edema • Headache • Fever • Muscle aches and pain • Decreased appetite • Increased triglyceride levels • Insomnia • Abdominal pain • Back pain • Dizziness

11. What drugs or other compounds interact with monoclonal antibodies? • Serious infections are more likely to occur when monoclonal antibodies are combined with other drugs that suppress the immune system (for example, steroids). • Methotrexatereduces the absorption of adalimumab (monoclonal antibody) by 29%-49%, but no adjustments to the dose of adalimumab need to be made when methotrexate is given concomitantly. • Monoclonal antibodies may interfere with the effectiveness of vaccines. Live vaccines, including attenuated vaccines, should not be used while patients are being treated with monoclonal antibodies. Patients should complete all recommended immunizations prior to receiving monoclonal antibodies.