GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT

1. GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT

2. The Age of Adulthood • Young adulthood= late teens to mid to late thirties • Middle adulthood= Begins around 35 and lasts through the late 60’s • Older adulthood= Age 65 traditionally used as the start of old age

3. Maturity and Adulthood • Maturity is reached when a balance of growth in th physiological, psychosocial, and cognitive areas has been attained. • Characteristics of Maturity • Accepts constructive criticism • Open to suggestion • Learns from own and others experiences • Accepts responsibility for their own mistakes

4. Developmental Theories of the Young Adult • Erikson- 8 stages of life • Intimacy vs isolation • Havighurst- Developmental tasks arise at each age from predictable internal/external pressures • Pressures- • Tasks- • Gould- Developmental Themes w/in adult development • 1st Theme (age 20)- “I have to get away from my parents” • 2nd Theme (30’s)- “Is what I am the only way for me to be?” • 3rd Theme (late 30’s)- “Have I done the right thing? Is there time to change?”

5. Growth and Development of the Young Adult • Physiological • Few maturational changes • Experience severe illness less • Physical changes occur as middle age approaches • Personal life-style assessment • Cognitive • Critical thinking abilities increase with experiences • Develop problem solving skills • Identify occupation

6. Growth and Development of the Young Adult • Psychosocial • Emotional health r/t abilty to resolve personal/ social tasks • Predictable trends • 23-28- Refining self-perception and ability for intimacy • 29-34- Directs energy toward achievement and mastery of surrounding world • 35-45- Examining life goals and relationships • More attention devoted to occupational/ social pursuits • May benefit from career counseling/ testing • Trend is more women working while pregnant, men more aware of parental responsibilities

7. Health Concerns/ Risk Factors for the Young Adult • Health Risks • Violence • Substance Abuse • Unwanted pregnancies • STDs • Occupational, environmental risk factors • Lifestyle Concerns • Smoking • Stress • Exercise patterns • Personal hygiene • Familial history • Infertility

8. Childbearing Family • Pregnant womans body undergoes physical changes (pg.225) • Cognitive changes • Temporary sensory changes • Educational needs • Psychosocial changes • Body Image • Role changes • Sexuality • Coping mechanisms • Stresses

9. Developmental Theories of the Middle Adult • Erikson’s Theory (8 stages) • Generativity vs Stagnation • Integrity vs Despair • Havighurst’s Theory- 7 developmental tasks • Achieving adult civic/ social responsibility • Establishing/ maintaining a standard of living • Helping teenagers become responsible and happy adults • Developing leisure activities • Relating to one’s spouse as a person • Accepting/ adjusting to physiological changes • Adjusting to aging parents • Gould’s Theory • Theme for 40s,50s, 60s- “The die is cast”

10. Middle Adult Growth and Development • Physiological changes • Gray hair, wrinkled skin, increased weight, balding, menopause and climacteric (reproductive changes) • Cognitive development • Change rare, if any, due to illness or traua • Psychosocial changes • Career transition • Sexuality • Marital changes • Family transitions • Care of aging parents (sandwich generation)

11. Middle Adult Health Concerns • Physiological • Stress • Levels of Wellness • Forming positive health habits • Psychosocial • Anxiety related to physiological and psychosocial changes • Depression

12. Theories of Aging • Multiple Theories trying to explain aging • Psychosocial- tries to explain behavior, roles, and relationships that come w/ aging • Biological- no one theory accepted • Stochastic Theories • Aging is a result of random cellular damage that occurs over time (damage= physical changes) • Nonstochastic Theories • Genetic physiological mechanisms control the process of aging. \

13. Developmental Tasks for Older Adults • Tasks are associated w/ varying degrees of change and loss. (Box 13-3, pg.239) • Common losses: • Health • Significant others • Sense of usefulness • Socialization • Income • Independent living • Physical changes of aging

14. Older Adult Growth and Development • Physiological Changes • Virtually every body system has some type of change w/ aging • Cognitive Changes • Delirium- Acute confusional state • Dementia- Generalized impairment of intellectual functioning • Alzheimers is the most common form of dementia • Depression- affects 20% of older adults • Psychosocial Changes • Involves changes in roles and relationships • Retirement • Social Isolation • Sexuality • Housing and Environment • Death

15. Health Concerns of the Older Adult • 3 most common causes of death= heart disease, cancer, stroke • Physiological concerns • 90% of adults>65 have at least one chronic health condition • Chronic conditions are 4x more common among older adults than other age groups • Chronic conditions affect well being and independence • Besides heart disease, cancer, and stroke other concerns include: • Smoking Alcohol Abuse • Nutrition Dental problems • Arthritis Sensory impairments • Pain Medication use

16. Health Concerns of the Older Adult • Psychosocial Health Concerns • Social isolation • Cognitive impairment • Stresses due to life changes • Interventions addressing psychosocial health concerns • Therapeutic communication • Touch • Reality orientation • Validation therapy • Reminiscence • Body Image interventions

17. Special Concerns of the Older Adult • Acute Care • Comfort • Safety • Nutrition/ hydration • Skin Integrity • Adverse events (delirium, dehydration, malnutrition, nosocomial infections, urinary incontinence, falls) • Restorative Care • Convalescence from acute care • Interventions should continuing supporting what was started in acute, should address holistic needs • Functioning w/ chronic conditions • Interventions should focus on promoting health, independence, stabilizing chronic conditions