Industrialism and Socialism

1. Industrialism and Socialism Big Picture: We see Europe change from an agrarian (farming) Economy to a more industrial economy Changing from Farming to Industry will have specific causes, tremendous effects, and will give rise to the ideology known as Socialism

3. Industrialism and Socialism Big Picture continued: As the nature of what it is to work changes, the role of the worker in society will change as well. As the laborer gets farther and farther away from what he/she produces, he/she will become more a product than a producer.

4. Industrialism and Socialism Revolution in Agriculture Improved methods of farming. Rotating crops: vary the type of crop that is planted Enclosure movement: larger farms = greater output, but displaces many farmers Both will help to facilitate a rise in population Population increase in the 1600-1700�s More people = more available labor

5. Industrialism and Socialism Energy Revolution Water power meant a constant source of power to �replace� human labor Eventually, the invention of the steam engine would revolutionize the growing factory system. Steam power allowed pumps to clear coal mines of excess water, thereby making mining more efficient.

6. Industrialism and Socialism Great Britain takes the lead�Why? Natural resources Human resources (labor) Greater technology (inventions and inventors Greater availability of capital (finances) Population growth = increased demand. Stable Government and powerful navy

7. Industrialism and Socialism Changes in Industry Inventions in the textile industry changed the way that cloth and clothing were made As production increased, the location of the work changed from the farmhouse to the factory As the system became more mechanized, the labor connected with it became more specialized; this is known as the division of labor. As labor is divided more, what people do becomes more specialized, and less complicated. This is not a good thing!

8. Industrialism and Socialism The idea is this� Once labor become divided, the skill needed to make anything becomes more basic It is not like the times of the guilds, where a worker learned every part of a trade Now, if you learn just how to operate a power loom, or a �water frame� your skill and your importance become less a part of the process You become less valuable, therefore the payment for your labor becomes less as well.

9. Industrialism and Socialism Since your labor is needed, but your intellectual power is not, pretty much anyone, including very young children can become part of the manufacturing process. Also, remember there is a great movement known as laissez-faire, which called for no government intervention in the business of business. This will mean that Big Business will be able to operate with little control, and that always means that the workers will be exploited.

10. Industrialism and Socialism We have larger and larger factories being built Since machines can do the bulk of the work, and have to be managed by a laborer, the work day can be as long as the factory owner determines it Since labor is unskilled, anybody can be trained, and anybody can be hired if as person gets injured, is dissatisfied, or dies on the job.

11. Industrialism and Socialism What does not exist is: A minimum wage Factory Insurance Unemployment insurance Job safety standards Retirement plans Child Labor laws Schooling for workers

12. Industrialism and Socialism All of these conditions lead to the creation of what Karl Marx will call the Proletariat The difference between the proletariat and earlier workers is that the proletariat Is defined only by the labor that it produces Is worth only what the manufacturer is willing to pay Is chained to their labor like a slave is chained Must work in order to survive, because they are trapped in the cities.

13. Industrialism and Socialism As cities grow.. Poverty increases Sanitation issues become life and death Crime increases The family unit becomes smaller; no more extended families Pollution chokes the air and fouls the water

14. Industrialism and Socialism All of this is seen as progress, because there is no voice of the people The English Government favors the factory system because it brings great sums of money to the country, and increases the tax base. Also, the government has always been in favor of the large landholders; now they begin to favor the factory owners as well Liberals believe in big business, and what is good for the business is good for the country

15. Industrialism and Socialism New Methods of thinking, and how they are part of the changing economic climate: Classical Economists. Adam Smith: we remember him from the Enlightenment. Promotes Laissez Faire economics Let the market determine prices,wages, supply and demand will drive all facets of the manufacturing process No more small guilds, or controls on prices or wages

16. Industrialism and Socialism Thomas Malthus: Population grows at a geometric rate 2 4 6 8 Food production grows arithmetically 1 2 3 4 Obviously, food shortages will occur, leading to famine,which will help to keep population down As population increases, that means that the poor will suffer

17. Do Now: 2.6.04 Quiz #5. List four advantages workers have now over workers in the 19th century What are four negatives effects of urbanization What are three differences between the new class of worker, the Proletariat, and previous workers? Explain the concept of �division of labor�

18. Homework #4: Due Monday 2.9.04 Complete taking notes on your primary documents Compose an introductory paragraph and your first body paragraph for your vacation essay You paragraphs will be handed in. You will be quizzed on your notes (#6)

19. Industrialism and Socialism David Ricardo: Iron Law of Wages Wages are high when population is low (fewer available workers) Population increases because wages are high (more children can be supported) As Population gets too great, wages are dropped (more labor = lower wages�competition!) Population will then decrease again, and wages will then increase. This cycle will continue forever The only solution is to convince the poor to have less children

20. Industrialism and Socialism People begin to examine society,and imagine what could be done to improve society These people are called socialists Socialists dreamed of separate communities that would improve the conditions of the common working man. These perfect plans were referred to as �Utopian Socialists�

21. Industrialism and Socialism Some Utopians called for a better working conditions (Robert Owen) Others called for a more agrarian Society (Charles Fourier) The most famous of the Socialists was Karl Marx, and he had something very different in mind Marx believed that to simply try and separate from society was not the answer. Hence, these Utopian Socialists were not addressing the issue.

22. Industrialism and Socialism Marxism, or Scientific Socialism� For Marx, all history is the result of struggle between the classes Simply put, the constant struggle between the rich and the poor is responsible for all of history and change Let�s look at History in a more visual way.

23. Industrialism and Socialism Hegel, a predecessor of Marx, saw history as a dialectic. This can be demonstrated in the following manner: Any change in history is a result of this process: Thesis: the Dominant ideas of a time period Antithesis: ideas in conflict with the thesis Synthesis: the blending of thesis and Antithesis. Synthesis becomes the new age, and becomes the new Thesis. This process repeated forever

24. Industrialism and Socialism For Marx, history can be looked at scientifically. Class struggle will always bring a change, and that change will bring another. Think of a wave hitting the shore. When it crashes and then flows back to the sea, another wave crashes on top of it. The waves are blended together,and that is the same for historical periods.

25. Industrialism and Socialism More on Marx. Because of Industrialism, Marx believed that there were only two groups in society: Bourgeoisie: Wealthy owners of the means of production (things that produce) Proletariat: The working class that has to answer to the Bourgeoisie. (cheap labor)

26. Industrialism and Socialism Because the Bourgeoisie's only purpose was to make more money, they would always make the proletariat poorer and poorer. Eventually, the Proletariat would rise up against the bourgeoisie,and take over the means of Production (factories etc�) All wealth would be shared in common. This is the dictatorship of the Proletariat

27. Industrialism and Socialism Once the Bourgeoisie was eliminated, there would only be one class, and that class was the Proletariat. History, the history of class struggle would end, and there would be, finally, a perfect society on earth: a true utopia. This Utopia was different from the Utopias talked about by other socialists, because it was not separate from society, it was society!

28. Industrialism and Socialism Unfortunately, this Proletarian revolution never actually happens. Leaders are needed for this type of revolt, and that means that it really wouldn�t come from the people. Further, lack of education and the need to work and eat cannot be ignored as road blocks to Revolution.

29. Industrialism and Socialism We will, of course, see the system of communism develop, but it was a far cry from the pure socialism that Marx called for. As divisions between that �haves� and the �have-not�s� continue today, you have to wonder if Marx was not on to something.