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The Basics of HIV/AIDS

The Basics of HIV/AIDS. Prepared by the HIV/AIDS/TB Program. What is HIV?. It stands for H uman I mmuno-deficiency V irus The virus attacks specific immune cells called CD4+ T-cells The virus high-jacks the host cell to produce more of itself, thus killing the host cell

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The Basics of HIV/AIDS

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  1. The Basics of HIV/AIDS Prepared by the HIV/AIDS/TB Program

  2. What is HIV? • It stands for Human Immuno-deficiency Virus • The virus attacks specific immune cells called CD4+ T-cells • The virus high-jacks the host cell to produce more of itself, thus killing the host cell • The genetic material of the virus is integrated into the host cell DNA

  3. What is AIDS? • It stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome • It is characterized by a distinct weakening of the immune system • AIDS is diagnosed when CD4+ T-cells are ≤ 200 cells per μL or ≤ 14%, or when an opportunistic infection (i.e. Tuberculosis) is diagnosed

  4. Source: http://www.nwabr.org/education/pdfs/hiv_lifecycle.jpg

  5. HIV Facts • Once infected with HIV, the virus never goes away • There is no cure for HIV yet, but medication can slow the progression of the disease • People do not die of HIV, they generally die from opportunistic infections because of their crippled immune system

  6. Disease Progression Source: www.journaids.org

  7. Blood Serum 1,000,000 125,000 Semen Vaginal Fluid AmnioticFluid 32,000 Saliva 1 7,000 4,000 1,000 Copies of HIV Particles in 1 mL of these body fluids How is HIV Transmitted? • Portals of Entry • Open wounds • Breaks in skin • Needle stick • Mucous membranes

  8. Most Common Modes of Transmission • Sexual Contact • Male-to-male (MSM) • Heterosexual • Blood Exposure • Injecting drug use (IDU) • Occupational exposure • Organ transplant • Blood/blood products transfusion • Perinatal • Before or during birth • Breastfeeding

  9. How HIV is NOT Transmitted • Hugging • Shaking hands • Sharing eating utensils • Touching toilet seats • Bug bites

  10. What you can do to reduce your risk • Abstinence • Use barriers, such as condoms and dental dams • Limit the number of sexual partners • Do not share needles used by others, such as for drug use, tattooing, or piercing • Avoid exposure to blood products

  11. HIV Testing • Screening tests • Orasure: detects HIV antibodies in oral fluid • Rapid test: detects HIV antibodies in blood from finger prick • Confirmatory tests • IFA: highly accurate detection of HIV antibodies from venous blood • Western blot: very specific detection of HIV antibodies from venous blood

  12. Window Period Window Period 100% 90% Antibodies Detected Infection Occurs

  13. HIV Testing in ND • Confidential • Free to at-risk individuals • Rapid test results available within 20 minutes • OraSure results available within one week • Testing sites located throughout the state • List of testing sites at www.ndhealth.gov/hiv or 1.800.70.NDHIV

  14. ND HIV Testing Laws • Must have informed consent before testing, except for . . . • Mandatory testing of prison/jail inmates if incarcerated for more than 15 days, and • Mandatory testing of defendants charged with a sex offense • Children age 14 or older may be tested without parental consent

  15. Worldwide HIV/AIDS Statistics • 33 million people living with HIV by the end of 2007 • 2.7 million people newly infected with HIV during 2007 • 2 million people died of AIDS during 2007 • 15 million orphans due to AIDS by the end of 2007

  16. U.S. HIV/AIDS Statistics • By the end of 2006, about 1 million people had been diagnosed with AIDS in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. • By the end of 2006, 448,871 of these cases were still living, and 565,927of them had died. • The CDC estimates that 56,300 people were newly infected with HIV during 2006.

  17. North Dakota HIV/AIDS Statistics As of December 31, 2008 • 441 Cumulative cases since 1984 • 37% had AIDS at HIV diagnosis • 84% are male • 77% are white, 11% are black, and 10% are American Indian • 51% are men who have sex with men (MSM), 18% had heterosexual relations, and 13% used injectable drugs (IDU)

  18. Residency Status of HIV/AIDS Cases Reported, 1984-2008, n=441

  19. Annual Number of HIV/AIDS Cases Diagnosed in ND, 1984-2008, n=265

  20. Annual Number of New HIV/AIDS Diagnoses in ND, 2004-2008, n=62

  21. New HIV/AIDS Diagnoses in ND by Gender, 2004-2008, n=62

  22. New HIV/AIDS Diagnoses in ND by Race/Ethnicity, 2004-2008, n=62

  23. New HIV/AIDS Diagnoses in ND by Mean Age, 2004-2008, n=62

  24. Risk Factors Identified by New HIV/AIDS Diagnoses, 2004-2008, n=62

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