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Chapter 3: Migration

Chapter 3: Migration. Key Issue 2: Where are migrants distributed???. Global Migration Patterns. Asia, Latin America, and Africa have out-migration North America, Europe, and Oceania have in-migration Reflects importance of migration from LDC’s to MDC’s. U.S. Immigration.

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Chapter 3: Migration

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  1. Chapter 3: Migration Key Issue 2: Where are migrants distributed???

  2. Global Migration Patterns • Asia, Latin America, and Africa have out-migration • North America, Europe, and Oceania have in-migration • Reflects importance of migration from LDC’s to MDC’s

  3. U.S. Immigration • Pop of US includes 40 million foreign born individuals • ½ are from Latin America • ¼ are from Asia • Other MDCs with high net migration • Australia • Canada • Oil rich Middle East Countries

  4. US Immigration Patterns • U.S. immigration patterns offer unique study • 3rd most populous country in the world • Inhabited overwhelming by descendents of immigrants • Three era’s of immigrations • Settlement of colonies • Mid 19th century- early 20th century • 1970’s -today

  5. Era I: Colonial Immigration from England and Africa 1600s- 1776 • Sources: • Africa • Europe • Africa • Slaves forced to migrate • 400,000 shipped to 13 colonies • 250,000 after 1808 • European • voluntary • Harsh economic conditions • Religious persecution • 1 million migrated prior to independence • 1 million between 1700’s to 1840’s • 1st to arrive settlers at Jamestown, VA in 1607 • 90% prior to 1840 were British

  6. Era II: 19th Century Immigration from Europe • 40 million migrated to US • Pulled by economic opportunities • Mainly from Germany, Italy, U.K, Ireland and Russia • 3 peaks • 1840s, 1850s • 1880s • 1900-1913 • 1840’s-1850’s 1st surge(4.3 million) • Mainly came from Northern and Western Europe • Famine in Ireland (push) • Germans • Welcomed Protestant/white/English

  7. 2nd peak: 1880’s • 500,000 migrants • Northern and Western Europe • Many migrants from Scandinavia • Swedes • Norwegians • Migrants coming from countries moving into Stage 2 of Demographic Transition due to the Industrial Revolution

  8. 3rd peak of European Migration: 1900-1914 • Nearly 2 million immigrants • 2/3rds of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe • Italy • Russia • Austria-Hungary • Coincided with diffusion of Industrial Revolution

  9. Era III:1970s - Present • Asia: • mainly 1970’s and 1980’s • Mainly from China, Turkey, and Japan • During 1990’s and 2000’s mainly from China, Philippines, and India • 40% of Canadian immigration • Latin America • Late 1800s, 1990’s, and 2000’s • 500,000 a year to U.S. • Mexico passes Germany in 2006 as the country that sent the US the most immigrants • Dominican Republic is #2 in L.A. • Pushed by: • Poor conditions at home • Land shortage • Rapid population increase • Problems: • US is no longer sparsely settled • No longer economically booming • Closed frontier

  10. Impact of Immigration on the United States • Legacy of European Migration • Ended after WWI • Europe’s Demographic Transition • Rapid pop growth fueled migration • Migration was a safety valve • Europe now in Stage 4 • Economies meet needs of people • Diffusion of European Culture • 65 million European immigrants impacted world culture • Indo-European languages spoken by half the worlds population • Christianity most prevalent religion • Political and economic structures infused • Colonial empires

  11. Undocumented Immigration to the United States • Legal immigration reached highest level in 20th century • More people want to enter than allowed • Called unauthorized (or undocumented) immigrants • Estimated at 11.9 million in 2008 • 59 % from Mexico • 22% from elsewhere in Latin America • 12% from Asia • Children • 2008 estimate: • 6.3 million adult males • 4.1 million adult females • 1.5 million children • 4 million children born in U.S. to undocumented parents • Creates conflict: • Jobs • 8.3 million of undocumented immigrants employed • Construction/ hospitality • Border easy to cross • Border patrol • Wall? • Some Americans angry at paying more taxes and losing jobs • Some favor work programs • Belief that undocumented immigrants take the jobs no one wants • Dream Act • opposition

  12. Destination of Immigrants within the United States • Clusters • 1/5th in California • 1/4th of undocumented • 1/6th in New York Metro Area • Proximity a factor • Cuba / Florida • Mexico/ Texas • Chain Migration • Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of same nationality previously migrated there • Job prospects affect settlement • South and West have rapid growth in jobs

  13. Part II: Why do migrants face obstacles?

  14. Immigration Policies of Host Countries • U.S. Quota Laws • Quota Act of 1921 and National Origins Act 1924 • Unrestricted immigration ended in 1921 • Quotas established • 1924: 2% of 1910 census population • Max 150,000 • System continued until 1960’s • Designed to ensure most immigrants were European • Immigration Act of 1965 • Quotas eliminated in 1968 and replaced with hemisphere quotas • Eastern = 170,000 • Western= 120,000 • 1978 Quota • Hemisphere quota replaced with a global quota • Total 290,000 • Current Global Quota • 620,000 • 7% max from one country • Today those with families are “preferred” • Skilled workers preferred • Typical wait is 5 years • Does not apply to refugees • Has to be “genuine”

  15. Immigration Issues • Brain Drain • Most immigrants young, well-educated • US gives preference to “skilled workers” • Large-scale emigration by talented people • 84% in Haiti • Asians

  16. Cultural Problems • US Attitudes Towards Immigrants • Discrimination in 1840’s-1850’s • 1911: Southern and Eastern Europeans were “inferior” • Deemed “inclined towards violent crimes” • Resisted assimilation • When Frontier “closed” public thought so should immigration • Most recently undocumented workers have created a hostile issue • CA, Arizona • Voted to deny unauthorized immigrants access to public services

  17. Attitudestowards guest workers • In Europe, suffer from poor social conditions • Lonely life • Guest workers typically young males, no family • Issues with language create cultural barriers • Many oppose programs to improve guest workers living conditions • France, Germany • Some try to pay workers to leave

  18. Guest Workers • Temporary Migration for Work • Guest workers • Earn more than at home • Help native populations by sending $ back • Take low-skill, low-status jobs • Sending workers abroad is an economic strategy for peripheral and semi-peripheral countries • Lessens local unemployment • Enables workers to send $ home • Can help home countries

  19. Time-Contract Workers • Recruited for a fixed period to work in mines or on plantations • When contract expired, many stayed • Mainly in Asia • China • American Example: • Chinese railroad workers 1860s

  20. Economic Migrants and Refugees • Difficult to distinguish between Migrants seeking economic opportunity and refugees fleeing government persecution • Examples: • Cuba • Haiti • Vietnam • Economic migrants are not admitted unless they have a special skills or a close relative • Refugees have special priority

  21. Cuba • Cubans are regarded as political refugees since 1959 • After Communist Revolution/ Castro • 600,000 admitted to US after revolution in 1959 • 2nd flood in 1980 when Fidel Castro allowed people to leave • Political prisoners • Criminals • Mental patients • U.S. was unprepared for sudden influx • Migrants had to stay at camps • 1987: US allowed 20,000 Cubans per year

  22. Haiti • 1957-1986 • Duvalier Dictatorship • Not associated with Soviet Union • Refugees not allowed • sued US government • 1991 a coup to overthrow dictatorship led more immigrants to leave • Today: lots of immigrants, now economic

  23. Vietnam • Huge flux with end of Vietnam war and success of communist North Vietnam in 1975 • Migrated to many regions • 800,000 in US since 1975 • 2nd surge in 1980s • Mainly economic migrants

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