Macromolecules of Life:

1. Macromolecules of Life: • C________________bonded to Make __________(a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers) • Broken down into subunits called _____________(a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers). • 2 Types: 1. ____________Compounds: Do not contain ____________ 2. ____________Compounds: Contain _____________ EX: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.

2. Making Macromolecules • Dehydration : Combining monomers to make a polymer. Dehydration means to take water out. Thus when you use dehydration synthesis, you are building something up while taking water out. In carbohydrates, an H from one carbohydrate and an OH from another are taken out. They form water. The two carbohydrates are then joined together by a bond. TAKE _______________________

3. Breaking Macromolecules: • _________________: a chemical process in which a certain molecule is split into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water. • ______________________!! Animation of Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU

4. Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids. A. : • Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, ____________________ • Key source of Energy • Sugar: Building blocks of carbs • 3 types of sugars: • __________________: Simple sugars (C6H12 O6) Ex: glucose and ____________________ • Disaccharides: 2 sugars join together (C12 H22 O11 ) Ex. Maltose: _____________________________ sucrose: glucose + fructose c. : Complex Carbohydrate. Ex: Starch: Food storage for plants cellulose: Makes up cell walls glycogen: Food storage in animals.

5. Can occur in Ring form or linear form. glucose Glucose Cellulose

6. Organic Compounds: Con’t B. Lipids • Not soluble in water (does not dissolve) • Made of _____________________ • Examples: waxes, fat, steroids, phospholipids (make up cell membrane) a. triglycerides: (3 fatty acids bonded together) b. 2 types: Oils, Fats 1. _________ : Liquid at room temperature 2. __________: Solid at room temperature A. : Contain the maximum number of hydrogen; all carbon and hydrogen are stable - Solid at room temperature: butter, grease, lard B. Unsaturated Fat: Carbon is missing some Hydrogen so they are not stable. (easier to break down) - liquid at room temp: olive oil, fish oils 4. Other Ex: Chlorophyll, hormones, other pigments.

7. Organic Molecules Con’t C. Proteins • Made of C, H, O, _________________________ • Made of 2 or more ________________________ • Make up skin and muscles • Blood clotting, visual processes, cell repair, cell processes • _____________________________: building blocks of proteins. • 20 Common amino acids

9. Proteins Con’t • Bonded Covalently: Forms a peptide bond • Dipeptide bond: _____ amino acids bonded • Polypeptide bond: _____________amino acids bonded • Enzymes a. One basic function of an enzyme is to ____________the rate of a reaction. Most cellular reactions occur about a million times faster than they would in the absence of an enzyme. Second, most enzymes act specifically with only one reactant (called a substrate) to produce products. ( Lock and Key)

10. Proteins Con’t • Enzymes 1. One basic function of an enzyme is to increase the rate of a reaction. Most cellular reactions occur about a million times faster than they would in the absence of an enzyme. Without enzymes, our guts would take weeks and weeks to digest our food, our muscles, nerves and bones would not work properly and so on - we would not be living EX: The absence of enzymes is responsible for many diseases. In humans, a tragic disease called phenylketonuria (PKU), which causes severe mental retardation and even death in infants, is the result of the absence of one type of enzyme. Tay-Sachs disease is a similarly tragic result of an enzyme deficiency. It causes retardation, paralysis, and often death in early childhood when left untreated 2. Second, most enzymes act specifically with only one reactant (called a ________________) to produce products. (Lock and Key) .

11. Enzymes Con’t • LOCK ______________________________ • This theory states that all enzymes and substrates have specific structures called active sites or binding sites. The substrate fits into the enzyme's active site, and they react. The substrate is broken down, and then the enzyme can act on the next substrate. • Generally, there is only _______active site on each enzyme molecule and only one type (or combination) of substrate molecules will fit into it just like a key fitting into a lock.

12. Nucleic Acids 1. DNA: ____________________________ a. Stores and uses important information to direct all cell activities. b. It will make an exact copy of itself for new cells that are created. • RNA: ______________________________ a. Uses information from DNA to make Proteins