Introduction to Chapter 2

1. Introduction to Chapter 2 Pages 44-45 - Who’s ship is in the painting? - What do you think this chapter will be about? Pages 46-47 - examine the “Signs of the Times” - examine the Timeline  what is the difference between the top of the timeline and the bottom of the timeline?

4. # 2 Chapter 2- 1 NotesThe First InhabitantsTextbook p. 44 - 56

5. Section 1: The First Inhabitants Objective: TLW Identify which American Indians inhabited the regions that became Carolina and how they impacted colonial life.

6. Key Terms(text p. 49 – 56) • archaeologist – • atlatl - 3. pemmican - 4. culture - 5. ceremonial center -

7. Introduction • Scientists believe the first people came to America across a land bridge, that is now the Bering Strait, 12,000 years ago. • The first people are called Paleolithic (Latin for “old stone,” referring to tools they used).

8. The Archaic Period (p. 49-52) • People began to • forage for food • become healthier when temperatures warmed • fish along the coast and in rivers near the Fall Line • Flint tools became more complex, resulting in scrapers, hammers, and spears Smaller groups could hunt • Communities began seeds planted and crops harvested • Ceremonial burials were conducted. • Settlements were in the floodplains and mountains. • Archaic Period - Southeastern Prehistory.

9. The Woodland Period • The introduction of maize (corn) allowed people to settle and thrive. • Villages began as people were able to stay in one place longer. • People created items with clay. • Depended on the forests for shelter and hunting.

10. Mississippian Influence • People were influenced by the culture of settlers from along the Mississippi River. • The Mississippians held ceremonies, led by priests, which were important for crops and harmony with earth. • Town Creek Indian Mound was a ceremonial center and was a place of celebration Green Corn Day.

11. Chapter 2-1 “It’s Your Turn” p. 56 (1-3) 1. 2. 3.

12. Extra Credit • Judaculla Rock • Textbook page 57 • Write a fictional story or create a comic strip explaining the possible origin of the markings on Judaculla Rock.

13. Create Foldable List them and put a check next to the ones you know. Write what you think is the most important fact. Key TermsArchaic Period Mississippian Woodland Period Influence The First Inhabitants Write what you think is the most important fact. Write what you think is the most important fact.

15. #3 Chapter 2 Section 2: Indian Life at the Time of European Contact Textbook p. 58 - 69

16. Define: • dialect - • clan - • matrilineal - • consensus - • conjurer - • immunity -

17. Objective: TLW: Describe and explain how the Indians lived when the Europeans arrived.

18. Introduction • By the 1500’s, Indian cultures were well organized. • The same basic groups still live in NC today. • The Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountains were home to more than 30 different groups. • Groups ranged in size from a few villages to thousands of members.

19. Algonquin Tribes (p. 58) • Algonquin language was spoken by groups along the coast. • The groups included the Chowanoc, the Pasquotank, and the Waccamaw. • Tribes depended on fish, fruits, and vegetables.

20. The Tuscarora (p.59 – 60) • Lived on the Coastal Plain, along the Neuse and Tar Rivers. • Tuscarora means “hemp gatherers.” • Used hemp to make rope and cord. • After losing their fight against the colonial settlers (British) in NC, the Tuscarora fled north to NY and became the sixth nation of the Iroquois Confederacy.

21. The Tuscarora

22. The Catawba (p. 61 – 62) • Largest group living in the Piedmont • Known for their burnt-black pottery • Tribes in the Piedmont spoke versions of the Sioux language • Connected to the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains (Central U.S)

23. The Cherokee (p. 61 – 62) • Were related to the Iroquois, but had been driven away from their homes • During the Woodland Period, they settled in the mountains of Western NC • Controlled 40,000 square miles when the Europeans arrived • During the Woodland Period, they numbered 30,000 • Wove baskets made of strips of branches from oak trees

24. Native American Habits and Beliefs(choose 3 to write) • Villages were built of longhouses or huts. • Clans were connected through the mothers (matrilineal). • Tribes were governed by consensus, where most members agreed on decisions. • Nature was respected and was at the center of most beliefs. • Europeans brought animals, plants, and disease that Native Americans had not seen.

25. The Columbian Exchange • When Europeans came to the Americas… • they brought a variety of plants and animals • traded them to the Native Americans • they brought diseases • Native Americans had no immunity to them, so many died

26. It’s Your Turn p. 69 1. 2. 3.

27. Extra Credit • Cherokee (text p. 66-67) • Compare the Cherokee’s four stages of life to the four seasons of the year. • Compare how Cherokee children and today’s North Carolina children prepare for adulthood. • Bring pictures, photographs, or illustrations of Cherokee life.

30. #4 Chapter 2 Section 3: European Explorers Come and Go Objective: TLW: Identify the first explorers of North Carolina and explain how they interacted with the Native Americans

31. Section 3: European Explorers Come and Go 1. expedition – a journey for a specific purpose.

32. Giovanni da Verrazano and the French • The king of France had ordered Verrazano to find a shorter water route to China. • When Verrazano arrived at Pamlico Sound, he thought he was looking at a route to Asia. • Verrazano was actually off Portsmouth Island, near Cape Hatteras. • Read p. 72 - 73

33. Hernando de Soto and the Spanish • In 1540, de Soto and his 600 soldiers entered the Carolinas, looking for gold • De Soto encountered various groups along the Catawba River and in the mountains • De Soto died and was buried along the Mississippi River • Hernando de Soto and his men treated the Native Americans badly • they were mocked • known as not respectful of nature or other humans • Read p. 73 - 74

34. (#32 Continued )Juan Pardo and More Spaniards • Pardo’s expedition included Catholic priests who tried to convert the Native Americans. • Small groups of soldiers were left to begin camps in various areas. • Catholic Priests tried to convert natives to Christian beliefs. • One hundred soldiers may have been in the foothills by the time the quest for gold was dropped. • North Carolina History Project : Juan Pardo Expeditions • Read p. 74 - 75

35. Walter Raleigh and the English • Half-brothers, Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh, studied Verrazano’s work and thought they could find the route to China. • The first expedition, in 1578, was turned back because of weather conditions and attacks by Spaniards. • Gilbert went on a second expedition and was lost at sea in 1583. • In 1584, Raleigh continued his expeditions. • Famous….. the Lost Colony • Read p. 75

36. It’s Your Turn Page 75 1) 2) - - - - - - - - - illustrate the word “expedition”

37. Extra Credit • Lake Mattamuskeet (text p. 70-71) • Do further research on Lake Mattamuskeet and write down 5 facts you discover that are not in the textbook. • Do research on the types of marine life that live in the lake.

39. #5 Chapter 2 Section 4: The Story of theLost Colonists p. 76-82

40. Objective:TLW: Analyze how and why the colony was “lost”. • colony – group of people who settle in a distant land but who are still under the rule of their native land. • Lost Colony – missing residents of Roanoke – no one can pinpoint their exact fate.

41. Introduction • The commanders of two of Raleigh’s ships claimed the Carolina shore in the name of Queen Elizabeth on July 13, 1584. • The Indians called the area “Roanoak.” • Queen Elizabeth knighted Raleigh, allowed him to name the colony Virginia, and allowed him to establish a permanent colony.

42. The Lane ColonyTextbook p. 76-79- Write a summary of the story. Who? What? When? Where? Why? How?

43. Raleigh’s second expedition of 1585 included Ralph Lane, who was to erect a fort for protection and settlement. • Fort Raleigh was built, but desire for gold, conflict with native, and violence caused trouble. • Frances Drake arrived in 1586. He took Lane and his party, leaving behind slaves and others. • When Richard Grenville returned with supplies from England, he found no one. • Grenville sailed to the Caribbean, leaving soldiers at the fort, who were never seen again.

44. The White ColonyTextbook p. 79-80- Write a summary of the story. Who? What? When? Where? Why? How?

45. John White led 110 settlers, including women and children, to begin a settlement at Roanoke. • August 18, 1857 – Virginia Dare, John White’s granddaughter, was born. She was the first baby born to Europeans in the New World. • White returned to England for supplies, but was not able to return for three years because of war in England. • When White returned to the island in 1590, no one was there. • Two clues White found were carved. One tree had the letters CRO and a post had the word CROATOAN. White thought the carvings meant the settlers were at a nearby village. • Weather and damage to the ship prevented White from looking for the missing settlers.

46. The Fate of the “Lost Colony” p.81-82 • Many ideas explain what happened to the missing Roanoke settlers. • Evidence that the settlers may have survived has been seen in descendants from the area. • Some believe that the settlers went to the original destination – Chesapeake Bay. • England did not pursue settlements in the area for more than 50 years because of the tragedy at Roanoke. • What do you think happened? (Write at least two complete sentences.)

47. It’s Your Turnp. 82 1. 2. 3.

48. Extra Credit • Sir Walter Raleigh (text p. 83) • What do you think was Raleigh’s greatest achievement? Explain why. • What lasting impact did Raleigh have on the world?

49. Many stories exist about Virginia Dare. • http://www.ncmuseumofhistory.org/collateral/articles/S2000.Virginia.Dare.pdf • Eastern North Carolina Digital Library