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Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe

Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe. Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang. Time Magazine “Person of the Century”. There are critical questions in cosmology whose answers eluded Einstein. The Standard Hot Big Bang Model. Expansion of the Universe is a result of the Big Bang

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Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe

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  1. Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  2. Time Magazine “Person of the Century” There are critical questions in cosmology whose answers eluded Einstein Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  3. The Standard Hot Big Bang Model • Expansion of the Universe is a result of the Big Bang • The Universe is about 15 billion years old • After the Big Bang: • Inflation occurred between 10-35- 10-32 second • The Particle Zoo emerged within 1 millisecond • Baryogenesis era began after 1 millisecond • Light elements synthesized within first 3 minutes • Galaxies formed by 1 billion years Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  4. Matter dominated universe Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  5. Old: Matter Dominated Universe Matter Composition: Light elements created in Big Bang; heavy elements in stars 13% baryons (1% stars, 12% molecular clouds, planets and stellar remnants) 0.8 % neutrinos 86% dark matter (non-baryonic) 100 % Total Mass-Energy Budget Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  6. Energy dominated universe Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  7. Now: Energy Dominated Universe Matter Composition: 35% Baryons + Neutrinos + Dark Matter Energy Composition: 65% Vacuum (Dark) Energy 100 % Total Mass-Energy Budget Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  8. The New Standard Hot Big Bang Model • The Universe is • Flat : no spacetime curvature • Accelerating: the expansion rate in the present epoch is increasing Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  9. Dark energy Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  10. Dark Energy & The Fundamental Nature of Matter • Unexpected Discovery of Dark Energy leads us to ask: • What is it? • Why is it there? • Do we need new theories of space and time? Are there Mysterious Particles Permeating Space? Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  11. Solving the Mystery of Dark Energy • What is the connection between dark energy, gravity and the fate of the universe? • Is general relativity the ultimate theory of gravity for the universe? Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  12. The Accelerating Universe by Anne Field, STSCI Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  13. Recent Discoveries • Recent discoveries have revealed the fundamental connections between the forces of nature and the structure of universe • Distant Type Ia Supernovae • Cosmic Microwave Background • Galaxy Cluster Counting • Theoretical Developments Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  14. Terrestrial telescope discovers supernova Supernovae Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  15. Type Ia Supernovae • SN Ia • Are very bright light sources visible across the Cosmos • Show that expansion of the universe is accelerating through distance-redshift relation • Reveal evidence for a mysterious dark energy in the universe • Will provide the first measurements of equation of state of universe Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  16. Cosmic Microwave Background Cosmic microwave background Dense quark-gluon plasma Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  17. Cosmic Microwave Background • Measures the geometry of spacetime • Spacetime geometry depends on the mass-energy density of the universe • Observation of a flat universe confirms some of the predictions of inflation– • a revolutionary theory with roots in particle physics Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  18. Distant Galaxy lensed by Cluster CL1358+62 The Most Distant Galaxy Cluster Simulations of Large Scale Structure Large Scale Structure Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  19. Large Scale Structure • Measures the mass density in the universe • Reveals matter density is less than half the mass-energy density of a flat universe • SNe Ia + CMB + Large Scale Structure show that dark energy and dark matter are more than 90% of the mass-energy budget of the universe. Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  20. Theoretical questions "Nature is a perpetual circulatory worker, generating fluids out of solids, and solids out of fluids, fixed things out of volatile, & volatile out of fixed.“ Isaac Newton "Once you eliminate the impossible, whatever remains, no matter how improbable, must be the truth." - Sherlock Holmes (by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle) “Facts that at first seem improbable will, even on scant explanation, drop the cloak that has hidden them and stand forth in naked and simple beauty.” -- Galileo Galilei "If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?" "The most incomprehensible thing about the universe is that it is comprehensible.“ - Albert Einstein Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  21. Theoretical Questions • Why is the energy density so small? • 120 orders of magnitude too small and yet not zero … fine tuning? • Why now? • the energy density is about equal to the energy density … coincidence? • Will these be answered by new theories beyond Einstein? Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  22. Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  23. Unveiling the Dark Energy • Precision Cosmology • Measuring the equation of state • is it constant in time and space? • Supernovae Are the Most Powerful Tools to Discover the Nature of the Dark Energy Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  24. Next Steps: SNAP magnitude - redshift • SNAP is better than anything else for acquiring images and spectra of thousands of SNe w(z) Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang w0 equation of state

  25. Supernova Acceleration Probe • Space observations of thousands of supernovae will provide the vital breakthrough in precision cosmology to characterize the dark energy • SNAP will measure the matter and energy densities, WM & WDE , with exquisite precision • SNAP will precisely determine the equation of state of the universe as a function of time and space Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  26. Roadmap toward Dark Energy Lightcurve & Peak Brightness Images M and DE Equation of State Dark Energy Properties Redshift & SN Properties Spectra data analysis physics Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  27. SNAP Timeline Launch Science R&D Construction 2001 2004 2008 2009+ Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  28. Bold Ideas, Innovative Tools A Billion Pixel Imager Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  29. Students Today -Leaders Tomorrow • Undergraduates work with scientists and engineers at collaborating institutions. • Graduate Students gain immediate research experience on the most exciting current science! First class students become first class scientists and engineers by using first class instruments and techniques Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  30. Education and Public Outreach ... if we do discover a complete theory, it should in time be understandable in broad principle by everyone, not just a few scientists. - Stephen Hawking Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  31. spectra images Education and Public Outreach Scientists & Engineers Undergraduates Graduate students SNAP / EPO Operations Science Centers Classrooms Students & Teachers Partnerships Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

  32. We Are on the Cusp of Major Advances That Connect Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology Which Are Leading to Breakthroughs in Fundamental Physics. Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

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