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Poverty, Wealth and Place in Britain, 1968-2005 Funded by Joseph Rowntree Foundation

Dorling, D., Rigby, J., Wheeler, B., Ballas, D., Thomas, B. (Sheffield) Fahmy, E., Gordon, D. (Bristol) & Lupton, R. (IoE London). Poverty, Wealth and Place in Britain, 1968-2005 Funded by Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

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Poverty, Wealth and Place in Britain, 1968-2005 Funded by Joseph Rowntree Foundation

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  1. Dorling, D., Rigby, J., Wheeler, B., Ballas, D., Thomas, B. (Sheffield)Fahmy, E., Gordon, D. (Bristol) & Lupton, R. (IoE London) Poverty, Wealth and Place in Britain, 1968-2005 Funded by Joseph Rowntree Foundation

  2. Research Question: How has the geography of poverty and wealth in Britain changed over time? Research Aim: To develop longitudinally consistent measures of poverty and wealth based upon secondary data sources which can then be applied to UK Census data at a small area level for the period 1971-2005 Research Significance: The first attempt to derive longitudinally consistent estimates of poverty and its spatial distribution spanning more than 40 years The first attempt to operationalise small-area measures of wealth in the UK Objectives & Significance

  3. Poverty & Core Poverty: 1968/9 Household Resources & Standard of Living Survey (Townsend) 1983 Poor Britain Survey (Mack & Lansley) 1990 Breadline Britain Survey (Gordon & Pantazis) 1999 Poverty & Social Exclusion Survey (Gordon et al.) Asset Wealth: Tract-level data on housing asset ownership (Thomas & Dorling, 2004) Exclusive Wealth: Family Expenditure Survey data for the years: 1970-72 1980-1 1990-92 2000-02 Data Sources

  4. Poverty: “Breadline” method (Gordon, 1995): Households are poor if they have: A low standard of living AND a low household income Core poverty: A priori (Whelan et al., 2002): Households are poor if they: Lack any ‘key’ necessities AND have a low income (lt 70% median) AND are ‘subjectively’ poor Exclusive Wealthy: Theoretically derived (Veblen, ; Scott, 1994): Households able to ‘self-exclude’ through private expenditure (eg. private schools, healthcare, domestic services) and ‘conspicuous consumption’ (expensive holidays, cars, etc.) Asset Wealthy: Household are wealthy if housing assets are above a threshold defined by: Inheritance Tax threshold Share of national wealth accounted for by housing Definitions

  5. Overview of Methodology

  6. FES exclusive wealth predictors: frequencies and multivariate odds

  7. Predictors of Small-Area Poverty: 1971-2001 (Odds Ratios) Logistic Regression odds ratios (B[exp]): all sig. at .05 level

  8. An Example: Census Weightings for 1970-80 – Breadline and Core Poverty

  9. 1970s: Breadline and Core Poverty declined Breadline and Core Poverty declined 1980s: Increase in asset wealthy households Decline in exclusive wealthy 1990s: Continuing rise in ‘breadline’ poverty, but concurrent decline in ‘core’ poverty Increase in exclusive wealthy household Spatial Polarisation: Social polarisation declined during the 1970s Poverty and wealth both became increasingly spatially concentrated during the 1980s and 1990s The proportion of ‘middling’ households (neither rich nor poor) has declined steadily More than ever, rich and poor households lead separate lives Principal Findings

  10. The changing geography of core poverty, 1970 to 2000

  11. The changing geography of breadline poverty, 1970 to 2000

  12. The changing geography of asset wealthy households, 1980 to 2000

  13. The changing geography of exclusive wealthy households, 1980 to 2000

  14. The changing geography of ‘ordinary’ households, 1980 to 2000

  15. Spatial polarisation of the population by tract breadline poverty density, 1971-2001 Proportion of population living in tracts withless than specified proportions of central poverty rate as follows:

  16. Spatial polarisation of the population by tract asset wealth density, 1971-2001 Proportion of population living in tracts withless than specified proportions of central asset wealth rate as follows:

  17. Local Indicators of Spatial Association for core poor households, 1971-2001

  18. Local Indicators of Spatial Association for ‘exclusive’ wealthy households, 1971-2001

  19. Indicators of Spatial Dissimilarity

  20. The changing geography of breadline poverty in Scotland, 1981-2001

  21. The changing geography of exclusive wealth in Scotland, 1981-2001

  22. Dorling, D., Rigby, J., Wheeler, B., Ballas, D., Thomas, B. (Sheffield)Fahmy, E., Gordon, D. (Bristol) & Lupton, R. (IoE London) Poverty, Wealth and Place in Britain, 1968-2005 Funded by Joseph Rowntree Foundation

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