Life During Wartime

1. African-Americans • By 1862, they could serve in the military. • After EP, large-scale enlistment • They made up 1% of Northern population. • By the end of the war, 10% of the Union army was black. • The majority were former slaves. • They were for the most part accepted as soldiers however, there was still discrimination. • Served in separate regiments commanded by white officers. • They usually could not rise above the rank of Captain. • White Privates earned $13 a month plus $3.50 clothing allowance. • Black Privates earned $10 a month with no clothing allowance. • Finally equaled in 1864. Life During Wartime

2. Worked in garrisons • They caught typhoid, pneumonia, malaria…etc. • If captured by the Confederacy, they were executed, usually not held as prisoners of war. • If they were not killed, then soldiers found ways of putting some back into slavery. • Fort Pillow, TN/1864 • Confederate troops shot more than 200 African-American prisoners and some whites as they begged for their lives. It was a massacre. • One slave owner said since, “slaves caused the fight, they should share in the burden of battle.” • Another Southerner responded, “if slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong.”

3. War Affects Regional Economics • Decline of the plantation system • Inflation • Federal tax • Expanded Northern economy and shattered Southern economy. • Southern Shortages • Food • Drain of manpower and slaves working in fields. • Meat became a once a week luxury. • Prices skyrocketed • In 1861, the average family spent $6.65 on food…in 1863, they spent $68 a month. • Union blockade of Southern ports caused people to smuggle goods into the North for exchange…trading with the enemy in order to survive.

5. Northern Economic Growth • Army needs supported factories. • Western farmers bought goods to use on land. • Wages did not keep up with prices. • Factory owners hired immigrants, free blacks, children, and women to work for lower wages. • Standard of living declined. • Greenbacks- paper money that was issued. • Confederacy had their own version. • Lost value because people lost value in the country.

6. Women • Replaced men on farms and in city jobs. • Obtained government jobs for the first time. • Worked as clerks, copying ledgers and letters by hand. • Congress began collecting an income tax in 1863 to help pay for the war.

7. Life for soldiers on both sides… • No garbage disposal or latrines in camps • The armies tried to get soldiers to wash their hands and face every day and take a bath once a week. • Body lice and diarrhea were common. • Union troops practically lived on beans, bacon, and hardtack. • Confederate troops ate “cush” a stew of small cubes of beef and crumbled cornbread mix with bacon grease.

8. Civil War Medicine • U.S. Sanitary Commission: • Improve hygienic conditions of army camps • Recruit and train nurses • Sent out agents to teach soldiers how to avoid contaminating water supplies. • Developed hospital trains and ships to transport wounded men from battlefield. • Dorthea Dix: • Nation’s first superintendent of women nurses. • Some 3,000 women served as nurses. • Clara Barton- “Angel of the Battlefield” helped soldiers on the front lines of Antietam. • The Confederacy did not have a Sanitary Commission but they did have nurses.

9. A monument at Antietam dedicated to Clara Barton

10. A Federal Hospital and Union soldiers are now amputees.

14. Prisons • Conditions were worse than camps. • Confederate prison-Andersonville, Georgia. • 33,000 men into 26 acres or about 34 square feet per person. • No shelter from the sun or rain. They tried to make tents out of their blankets and sticks. • They drank from the same river they used the bathroom in. • 1/3 of the prisoners died. • Camp commander, Henry Wirz (eventually executed as a war criminal) • Union prisons such as Elmira, NY were only slightly better. • Men slept in barracks but had adequate food. • Most contracted pneumonia from lack of heat. • Hundreds suffered from malnutrition and dysentery.

19. 1863 • Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia • May, 1863 • South defeated the North • Lee outmaneuvered General Joseph Hooker and the Union forces retreated. • General Stonewall Jackson returned from patrol on May 2. He was shot in the left arm. His arm was amputated. • He died from pneumonia a couple of weeks later. • Lee wanted to invade the North. He crossed into Maryland and continued into Pennsylvania.

21. North Takes Charge • Gettysburg, Pennsylvania • July 1-3, 1863 • TURNING POINT of the Civil War. • Crippled the South • Confederate soldiers led by General Lee. • Majority of them were barefoot. They heard there was a supply of shoes in Gettysburg. • While marching, they came across a couple of brigades of Union cavalry. • Union soldiers led by General George Meade. • Sent his troops to back up the cavalry.

22. Day 2: • 90,000 Union soldiers vs. 75,000 Confederates. • Lee gave orders to General Longstreet to attack a ridge held by the Union. • Colonel Chamberlain’s men from Maine successfully fought back. • His men began to run out of ammunition so he ordered a bayonet charge. • The Confederates began to surrender. • Day 3: • Both armies exchanged fire for 2 hours straight. People say it could be heard in Pittsburgh. • Longstreet reluctantly pushed forward along with General Pickett’s men to the center of the Union troops. (Pickett’s charge). • They were unsuccessful again. • Union losses=23,000 • Confederate losses= 28,000

23. General Pickett General Longstreet Colonel Chamberlain

27. Gettysburg Address • November, 1863 • A ceremony was held to dedicate a cemetery for those who died fighting. • Lincoln’s speech was only 2 minutes long but it had a big impact.

28. Vicksburg • Grant was in Vicksburg, Mississippi • It was one of two Confederate holdouts preventing the Union from taking the Mississippi River. • 1863, Grant destroyed railways to distract the Southern soldiers. • While distracted, Grant was able to get an infantry into Vicksburg. • 18 days later, he took control of Jackson, the capital of the state. • Confederates surrendered on July 4th. • 5 days later, Port Hudson, Louisiana the other Confederate key to the River fell and the Confederacy was split in two. • Hard times… • Food ran low and people ate dogs and mules.

31. The Confederacy Wears Down • The South is no longer able to fight… • Low on ammunition, supplies, food, men • Would not give up so easily • Confederate morale deteriorated. • Some soldiers deserted after receiving letters from home about the lack of food and labor to work farms. • General Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as commander of the military division of the Mississippi River. • They were old friends. • Both believed in total war…fighting both the army and civilians. • Civilians helped produce food and weapons and were a major contributor to the war effort. • If you eliminate this then the army couldn’t survive and would collapse.

32. Grant and Lee meet in Virginia • Grant’s strategy: • Immobilize Lee’s army in VA while Sherman raided Georgia. • May, 1864- Grant threw his troops into battle after battle with Lee’s. • Fredericksburg, Spotsylvania, Petersburg • In just a little over 1 month, Union lost nearly 60,000 soldiers.

33. Petersburg Spotsylvania

34. Sherman’sMarch to the Sea… • Sherman’s men occupied the transportation center of Atlanta, Georgia. • September, 1864 Sherman started marching Southeast through Georgia, leaving a path of destruction and living off the land. • He wanted to make Southerners “so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it.” • By November, he burned most of the city and set off toward the East coast. • He went up through North Carolina destroying it like Georgia. He accumulated 25,000free slaves willing to fight for the Union.

37. The Burning of Atlanta-Gone With The Wind

38. Hospital in the streets of Atlanta- Gone With The Wind

39. Election of 1864 • Lincoln was disliked by a lot of people. • The war had gone on too long. • George McClellan is nominated to run against him. • He agrees. He is still bitter from being fired. • Other opponents- John C. Fremont, Andrew Johnson • Lincoln won a second term.

40. Surrender at Appomattox • March, 1865 • Confederate President, Jefferson Davis and his government abandon their capital, setting it on fire. • Lee and Grant arranged a surrender on April 9, 1865 in a Virginia village called Appomattox Court House. • Grant paroled Lee’s soldiers and sent them home with their personal possessions, horses, and rations. • The Civil War was finally over.

42. The Legacy of the War • The power of the Federal government increased: • Passed laws that gave more control over citizens, including an income tax and draft. • Economic changes: • National Bank Act- set up a system of federally chartered banks, set requirements for loans, and provided for bank inspections. • Made safer for investors. • Union War cost- $2.3 Billion • 360,000 soldiers died, 275,000 wounded • Confederate War cost- $1 Billion • 260,000 soldiers died, 225,000 wounded

43. Changed Lives • 13th Amendment- outlawed slavery. • Red Cross • Started by Clara Barton in 1881

44. Lincoln is Assassinated • 5 days after the surrender at Appomattox, Lincoln and his wife, Mary attended a play at Ford’s theater in Washington. • John Wilkes Booth, 26 year old actor, and Southern sympathizer • Shot Lincoln in the back of the head • He was captured and shot. • Lincoln died the following morning, April 15th. • 1st President to be assassinated. • A funeral train carried Lincoln’s body from Washington to Springfield, IL in 14 days. • 7 million turned out to mourn him.