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Independence Movements

Independence Movements. India. India had been controlled by the British since Imperialism Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown” India began to fight for independence in the early 1900s The formation of the Indian National Congress was the first step

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Independence Movements

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  1. Independence Movements

  2. India • India had been controlled by the British since Imperialism • Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown” • India began to fight for independence in the early 1900s • The formation of the Indian National Congress was the first step • The main independence leader was Mohandas Gandhi

  3. Mohandas Gandhi • Used nonviolenttechniques • Civil disobedience, passive resistance, hunger strikes, marches, and speeches • Despite Gandhi's leadership, India struggled for independence

  4. Why did India Struggle? • Religious struggles between Muslims, and Hindus • Muslims-northern India • Hindus-middle India • Political differences: • Muslim League vs. Hindu Congress Party • Gandhi was shot on January 30, 1948 by a Hindu extremist

  5. Hindus Muslims

  6. India Gets Independence • Britain was involved in WWII and decided it was time to let go of India • On July 16, 1947 the British House of Commons agreed to partition (divide up) India between the Muslims and the Hindus • 10 million people had to decide what nation to join

  7. The Partition • India-given to the Hindus • East and West Pakistan-given to the Muslims • Eventually East and West Pakistan are divided • West Pakistan: becomes Pakistan • East Pakistan: becomes Bangladesh

  8. Democracy in India • Led by Jawaharlal Nehru, a close friend of Gandhi • 1950: passed a Constitution that tried to stop discrimination based on your caste • Ethnic and religious differences held India back from its industrial development

  9. The Republic of India Today • Still fighting going on between Muslims and Hindus • World’s largest democratic nation • Population 1.2 billion people • Federal system gives most powers to the states • Caste system still exists • New economic development has helped to ease financial problems in the country

  10. Revolutions in Africa • Most of Africa has been controlled by Europeans since the 1800s • After WWII the UN said ALL nations had the right to self-determination (to choose their own fate) • After WWII, revolutions began all over Africa, some violent and some peaceful • Pride in African culture and heritage • Resentment towards imperial rule and economic exploration • European nations were focusing on the Cold War

  11. Independence Movements • West Africa • Mostly peaceful • Ghana (Gold Coast) got independence from Britain in 1957 through: • Strikes, boycotts • Algeria • Fought a bloody war with France for independence • Main leaders: Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) • Finally got independence in 1962

  12. Kenya • Violent struggle with Britain • 10,000 blacks killed, 100 whites killed • Leader-Jomo Kenyatta • Becomes President • Gets independence in 1963

  13. South Africa • Controlled by British and Dutch • A system of apartheid was put in place • Means racial segregation (complete separation of races) • Separate schools, neighborhoods • South Africans begin to fight for independence in the early 1900s • 1912-African National Congress (ANC) was formed in the fight for independence • During a strike that turns violent, one of the leaders named Nelson Mandela was arrested in 1969

  14. Apartheid

  15. Fighting and protests continued until the 1990s • 1990: Nelson Mandela was released from prison • 1994: first election where ALL races can vote • Nelson Mandela is elected the first black President of the new Republic of South Africa

  16. Independence Movements in the Middle East • After World War I, the League of Nations established mandates • Former Ottoman colonies given to Britain and France on a temporary basis • Granted independence after WWII • Former French Mandates • Syria and Lebanon

  17. Former British Mandates • Jordan • Palestine • UN decided to make part of Palestine a home for the Jews • Renamed Israel • The fight over Israel continues today • Palestine (Muslims) vs. Israelis (Jews) • Prime Minister of Israel from 1969-1974: Golda Meir • Yom Kippur War • Israel vs. Egypt, Syria, and other Arab states • Sought help from the USA • Won in 1973 with USA’s help

  18. Former British Protectorates: • Egypt • President of Egypt in the 1950s and 60s: Gamal Abdul Nasser • Took the Suez Canal back from the British (he nationalized it) • Established a strong relationship between Egypt and the Soviet Union • Built the Aswan High Dam • Has helped Egyptian economy by regulating the floods of the Nile and by making electricity

  19. On your map…

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