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Categories of Macromolecules What are Four Types of Macromolecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins

Categories of Macromolecules What are Four Types of Macromolecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Hydrogen & Oxygen in ratio of 2:1 Common Sources (Foods) of Carbohydrates Starches: Potatoes, Wheat, Barley

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Categories of Macromolecules What are Four Types of Macromolecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins

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  1. Categories of Macromolecules What are Four Types of Macromolecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

  2. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Hydrogen & Oxygen in ratio of 2:1 Common Sources (Foods) of Carbohydrates Starches: Potatoes, Wheat, Barley Glycogen: Animal Liver

  3. Monosaccharides= Sub-Units (monomers) of Carbohydrates • Ribose • Fructose • Glucose Monosaccharidescan be classified based on C# • Trioses = 3 Carbon Sugars • Pentoses = 5 Carbon Sugars • Hexoses = 6 Carbon Sugars

  4. Disaccharides are 2 monosaccharides • Maltose = Glucose + Glucose • Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose • Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Polysaccharides are many monosaccharides • Starch (storage form of glucose in Plants) • Glycogen (storage form of glucose in Animals) • Cellulose (polymer of glucose in Plant Cell Walls)

  5. Monomer of Carbohydrate = Monosaccharide Dimer of Carbohydrate = Disaccharide Polymer of Carbohydrate = Polysaccharide

  6. Lipids What are Lipids? Lipid Terminology: Steroids – Waxes – Fatty Acids – Triglycerides – Oils vs. Fats Triglyceride that is Solid @ Room Temperature = Fat Triglyceride that is Liquid @Room Temperature = Oil

  7. Formation of Triglycerides *If fatty acid chain contains double bond = Unsaturated If fatty acid chain does not contain double bond = Saturated

  8. Condensation vs. Hydrolysis Polymers of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins are formed by Condensation Reactions • Dehydration Synthesis Rxns, where water is removed to form bond between monomers • Removal of –OH from 1 monomer, and Removal of –H from the other monomer Polymers are broken down to monomers through Hydrolysis • Addition of water to break (lyse) bonds • Giving an –OH to 1 monomer, and Giving a –H to 1 monomer

  9. Lipids vs. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are metabolized before lipids • We burn Carbs faster Lipids are used for long-term energy storage, and contain twice as much energy per gram as carbs • If diet is high in Carbs, then body spends time burning carbs and not fat. If diet is low in Carbs, then body spends time burning fat, AND produces more energy! **Lipids are Insoluble!** Insoluble = Nonpolar = Hydrophobic Soluble = Polar = Hydrophilic

  10. Monomer of Lipids = Fatty Acid Polymer of Lipids = Triglyceride

  11. Proteins Amino Acids Building Blocks (monomers) of Proteins All amino acids have the same basic structure, including an “R” group Composition of the “R” group is different for each one of the 20 amino acids “R” group can be either polar or non-polar; positively charged or negatively charged; a ring structure or a linear chain

  12. Peptides Amino Acids are also called Peptides Two Amino Acids can join to form a Dipeptide Many Amino Acids link to form a Polypeptide chain

  13. Monomer of Protein = Amino Acid (Peptide) Dimer of Protein = Dipeptide Polymer of Protein = Polypeptide

  14. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Monomers of Nucleic Acids a Phosphate Group, a Sugar, a Nitrogenous Base

  15. Monomer of Nucleic Acids = Nucleotide Polymer of Nucleic Acids = DNA or RNA

  16. Functions of Nucleic Acids Storage of Genetic Information Heredity – Passage of Genetic Info. through Progeny DNA vs. RNA DNA stores the information RNA leads to the presentation of the information DNA is usually double stranded RNA is single stranded DNA has bases: A, T, G, C RNA has bases: A, U, G, C

  17. Deoxyribose vs. Ribose RNA nucleotides have the sugar Ribose • There is an –OH on Carbon #2 DNA nucleotide has the sugar Deoxyribose (without oxygen) • There is an –H on Carbon #2

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