1 / 16

Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954). led the WWII research group that broke the code for the Enigma machine proposed a simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability devised the “Turing hypothesis” for AI. Turing and Colossus.

agrata
Download Presentation

Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954) • led the WWII research group that broke the code for the Enigma machine • proposed a simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability • devised the “Turing hypothesis” for AI

  2. Turing and Colossus • constructed an electronic computing machine (1943) used to decrypt German coded messages

  3. Maurice Wilkes (1913 - ) • his Cambridge group constructed EDSAC in 1949 • the first stored program, general-purpose electronic digital computer • first to use symbolic programs (assembly)

  4. UNIVAC-1 • first commercial general-purpose computer system • successor to Mauchly-Eckert BINAC • delivered in 1951 • used to forecast the 1952 presidential election

  5. Computing Generations • FIRST GENERATION (1950s) vacuum tube technology • SECOND GENERATION (early 1960s) solid-state technology, magnetic core memories • THIRD GENERATION (1964 – 1970) integrated circuitry (SSI), dynamic memories • LATER GENERATIONS (1970s – ) VLSI, microprocessors, ultra large-scale integration

  6. IBM/360 • built using solid-state circuitry • family of computer systems with backward compatibility • established the standard for mainframes for decades

  7. DEC PDP Series • “minicomputers” • offered mainframe performance at a fraction of the cost • introduced the unibus architecture for CPU interconnections

  8. Supercomputers • high-performance systems used for scientific applications • advanced designs (pipelining, parallelism, etc.) • Control Data Corporation, Cray Research, and others

  9. Desktop Computers • microprocessors • all-in-one designs, performance/price tradeoffs • aimed at mass audiences • personal computers • workstations

  10. Comparison Shopping How do they rate in cost and performance?

  11. Moore’s Law • increased density of components on chip • Gordon Moore: “Number of transistors on a chip will double every year.” • since 1970’s development has slowed a little • Number of transistors doubles every 18 months • cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged • higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance • trends: smaller size, reduced power and cooling requirements, fewer interconnections

  12. DRAM and Processor Characteristics

  13. Improving Memory Performance • increase the number of bits per word, width of data paths • employ cache structures to reduce the frequency of memory operations • increase the bandwidth of interconnections

  14. Pentium Evolution (1) • 8080 • first general purpose microprocessor • 8 bit data path • 8086, 88 • 16 bit • instruction cache, prefetch few instructions • 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC • 80286 • 16 Mbyte memory addressable • 80386 • 32 bit • Support for multitasking

  15. Pentium Evolution (2) • 80486 • sophisticated cache and instruction pipelining • built in math co-processor • Pentium • superscalar, multiple instructions executed in parallel • Pentium Pro • increased superscalar organization • branch prediction • data flow analysis • speculative execution

  16. Pentium Evolution (3) • Pentium II • MMX technology • graphics, video & audio processing • Pentium III • additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics • Pentium 4 • more floating point and multimedia enhancements • Itanium • 64 bit

More Related