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African Studies

African Studies. Case Study: South Africa. Republic of South Africa. Capitals: Pretoria and Cape Town Population: 49,052,489 Ethnicity: 79% Black 9.6% White 8.9% Colored 2.5% Indian & Asian

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African Studies

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  1. African Studies Case Study: South Africa

  2. Republic of South Africa Capitals: Pretoria and Cape Town Population: 49,052,489 Ethnicity: 79% Black 9.6% White 8.9% Colored 2.5% Indian & Asian Life Expectancy: 49 yrs.

  3. History: (1600’s-1700’s) • Colonized by English & Dutch in 1600’s • Dutch East India Trading Company sets up a supply station on Cape of Good Hope (1652); very desirable trade location • Dutch settlers called themselves Boers or Afrikaners (farmers)

  4. 1800’s • Great Britain establishes control over Cape Colony in 1814 • Boers move to the interior: Great Trek (1836-1838) • 10,000 Boers migrate north and establish colonies of Transvaal and Orange Free State • Wanted religious rights & freedoms • Fought resistance movements along the way

  5. Trek Boers

  6. Boer Colonies Transvaal And Orange Free State

  7. 1800’s Continued…….. Gold is discovered in Transvaal in 1884; British mining companies move in Dutch and British fight to control Transvaal in the Boer War (1899-1902)

  8. 250,000 British defeat 40,000 Boers • 5,000 Boers die in battle; 25,000 die in • British concentration camps • Second Great Trek: Boers migrate to • the cities Superior British weapons British Concentration Camp

  9. 1879-1898 Battle of Blood River, 1838 Shaka (1787-1828) • Zulus resist white rule

  10. 1900’s • 1910: Independence from England Union of South Africa formed • 1940’s: Afrikaner National Party comes to power dominated by Boers • 1948: Apartheid (separation by hate) becomes law • Racial discrimination institutionalized • Way to control economic & social systems • Maintain white domination and extend racial separation

  11. Apartheid Images

  12. Passbooks determined where black South Africans worked and lived.

  13. Bantustans • (Homelands) • 1961 • Transkei (Xhosa) • Bophuthatswana (Tswana) • Venda (Venda) • Ciskei (Xhosa) • Gazankulu (Tsonga) • KaNgwane (Swazi) • KwaNdebele (Ndebele) • KwaZulu (Zulu) • Lebowa (Northern Sotho) • Qwaqwa (Southern Sotho)

  14. Apartheid laws were enforced into the 1990’s

  15. African Resistance • African National Congress (ANC) formed in 1912; largest anti-apartheid organization; founded on principles of democracy and non-violence by Nelson Mandela • Sharpeville Massacre (1960) • ANC banned in 1960; operates underground and begins armed resistance • 1962: Mandela found guilty of treason and imprisoned for life

  16. Sharpeville Massacre (March 21, 1960) Anti-pass demonstration 69 blacks killed; 180 injured

  17. Nelson Mandela (July 18, 1918--) Leader of ANC Imprisoned for 27 years

  18. 1970’s “Shanty” towns (informal settlements) grew as poor blacks migrated closer to major cities. Alexandra

  19. Crossroads Cape Town 1978

  20. Soweto Johannesburg

  21. Soweto Uprisings June 16, 1976 High school students rally for better education Hector Pieterson (12) is one of the first fatalities

  22. 1980’s-1990’s • 1985-1990: State of Emergency declared; police • and military have unlimited power; > 5,000 people • died and > 30,000 arrested and jailed without • charges

  23. Ending Apartheid • 1987: U.S. among nations imposing economic sanctions against South Africa • 1989-1990: F.W. de Klerk replaces P.W. Botha as president and begins negotiations with ANC, PAC, & SACP; black participation in political process begins

  24. February 11, 1990: Nelson Mandela freed • 1990-1993: Dismantling of Apartheid; laws • repealed

  25. Nelson Mandela casts his ballot in South Africa’s first all-race election. April 1994

  26. Newly elected President Nelson Mandela addresses a crowd at Town Hall in Pretoria, May 10, 1994.

  27. What does the future hold? • President Jacob Zuma • Tourism is booming • South African artists, film-makers, and musicians are • becoming world famous • South Africa hosted the 2010 soccer World Cup • HIV/AIDS Pandemic (5.7 mil. live with AIDS) • Refugees entering from Zimbabwe • Persistence of poverty and unemployment • Programs to provide rural housing and electricity cannot • keep up with demand • Land reform issues: most farmland is still owned by whites; • current goal is to transfer 30% of farmland back to black • South Africans by 2014

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