Challenges & Changes in the Movement

1. Challenges & Changes in the Movement

2. De facto Segregation = exists by practice & custom Harder to fight Difficult changing people’s attitudes De jure Segregation = segregation by law Fight law to change 2 Types of Segregation

3. Urban Areas • Most A.A. lived in inner city of urban areas • Conditions = slums; ghettos • Deteriorating as disproportionate tax $$ moved to suburbs • Officials & authorities = white • Racial tensions increase as CRM challenges equality • Urban Riots: Harlem 1964 & Watts 1965

4. Movement Splits – 1964 • SCLC cont. nonviolent tactics w/MLK • Preaching violence can only end in grief; cont. passive resistance • SNCC members want more aggressive & militant tactics • Malcolm X = new aggressive CRM leader; Islamic minister (changed name from Malcolm Little – said it was a slave name)

5. Malcolm X’s Black Power • Preached Elijah Muhammad’s views (whites were the cause of black inequality and that blacks should separate from white society) • Advocated armed self-defense against whites • Demanded equality NOW • Focused on African culture roots & pride

6. Malcolm X’s New Outlook • March 1964 – went on pilgrimage to Mecca where he learned orthodox Islam preached racial equality • Returned w/radically new attitude “I have prayed with fellow Muslims whose eyes were the bluest of blue, whose hair was the blondes of blond and whose skins was the whitest of whites.” • Advocated new slogan = “Ballots or Bullets” • Use voting right to make a difference rather than a gun • Assassinated Feb. 21, 1965

7. Black Panthers – Oct.‘66 • Oakland, CA – new political party • Fight back against police brutality • Self-sufficiency in A.A. communities • A.A. should be exempt from draft (Vietnam – disproportionate # of A.A. were drafted) • Helped A.A. poverty w/daycares, food programs & free med. clinics • Sold communist books & preached violent socialist revolt.

8. MLK in Memphis supporting striking garbage workers Assassinated on motel balcony (sniper) – Apr. 3, 1968 100+ cities rioted Robert Kennedy (running for Prez.) pledged to cont. CRM fight Assassinated June 6, 1968 - L.A. hotel Death of a Leader

9. CRM Influences Others • United Farm Workers – 1960s • Cesar Chavez wanted agri. workers to unionize to improve work conditions & gain benefits • Nonviolent; led boycott against Cal. grape growers • American Indian Movement – 1968 • Women’s Movement – 1960s • Unequal status in society & pay discrim. • Vietnam War Protests • Gay Rights – 1970s • Human Rights Advocacy – 1970s • Pres. Carter’s focus for foreign policy

10. Civil Rights Act of 1968 – ended discrim. in housing Hold more political offices Greater pride in racial identity More A.A. in movies & t.v. (1970s – present) Affirmative Action = fed. gov. program to equalize jobs & educ. w/focus on hiring minorities – late ‘60s Unfinished work % in poverty % of h.s. drop outs & college grads. % in management positions % in jails Legacy

11. Summarize & Highlight • Recap what you have learned about the changes, challenges & legacy the civil rights movement experienced during the 1960s and beyond. • Highlight!!