Chapter 30 The Animal Kingdom The Deuterostomes

1. Chapter 30The Animal KingdomThe Deuterostomes

2. Deuterostomes • 2nd main branch of animal kingdom • Mouth second, Anus first • Radial cleavage, indeterminate

3. Phylum Echinodermata • “spiny-skinned” • Marine • Larvae – bilateral symmetry, ciliated, free-swimming • Adult- pentaradial symmetry – 5 points around central axis • Endoskeleton of CaCO3 plates and spines (project)

4. Water vascular system – unique • Fluid-filled canals – locomotion, feeding, gas exchange • Branches to tube feet – suction to surface • Coelomic fluid – transport • Complete digestive system • No excretory organs • Nervous system – nerve rings w/ radiating nerves about the mouth • Sexes separate – gametes, water fertilization

5. Fig. 33-39 Stomach Anus Spine Gills Central disk Digestive glands Madreporite Radial nerve Gonads Ring canal Ampulla Podium Radial canal Tube feet

6. Tube Feet

8. 6 Classes of Echinoderms • 1. Class Crinoidea • Feather star (motile) , sea lilies (sessile) • Oral surface upper side • Arms extend upward

9. Fig. 33-40d (d) A feather star (class Crinoidea)

10. 2. Class Asteroidea • Sea stars • Body – central disk w/ 5-20 arms • Underside of arm – 100s pairs tube feet • Mouth – center, underside • Endoskeleton – calcareous plates • Gas exchange – dermal gills • Carnivorous • Slow-moving • Circulation poor  coelomic fluid – bathes tissues • Excretory – diffusion across tube feet/gills

11. Fig. 33-40a (a) A sea star (class Asteroidea)

12. 3. Class Ophiuroidea • Basket star, brittle star • Resemble sea stars w/ central disk and arms • Arms – long + slender • Swim – more quickly • Tube feet – no suckers so no locomotion

13. Fig. 33-40b (b) A brittle star (class Ophiuroidea)

14. 4. Class Echinoidea • Sea urchins, sand dollars • Skeletal plates flattened + fused to form solid shell = test • Spines on body • Tube feet + movable spines – locomotion • Calcareous teeth – graze sea floor for algae

15. Fig. 33-40c (c) A sea urchin (class Echinoidea)

16. 5. Class Holothuroidea • Sea cucumbers (size + shape cucumber) • Body – flexible, muscular sac • Mouth surrounded by circle of tentacles (modified tube feet) • Endoskeleton reduced to microscopic plates in body wall • Sluggish • Evisceration

17. Fig. 33-40e (e) A sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea)

18. 6. Class Concentricycloidea • Sea daisies • 2 ring canals w/ tube feet projecting from outer ring

19. Fig. 33-40f (f) A sea daisy (class Concentricycloidea)

20. Phylum Hemichordata • “half chordate” • Bilateral w/ring of cilia around mouth • 3 part body – proboscis, collar, trunk • Like chordates – pharyngeal gill slits, dorsal nerve cord • Like echinoderms – molecular data, similar larvae • Acorn worms

21. Phylum Chordata • Humans • 3 subphyla • Urochordata – tunicates • Cephalochordata – lancelets • Vertebrata – animals w/backbones • Deuterostome coelomate • Bilateral symmetry • Tube w/in a tube body plan • 3 well-developed germ layers • Endoskeleton, closed circulatory system

22. Unique Characteristics of Chordates(sometime in life cycle) • 1. notochord • Dorsal longitudinal rod – firm, flexible, support • 2. dorsal tubular nerve cord • Hollow, single • 3. Pharyngeal slits • In embryo, form as grooves in pharyngeal region • Become gills, jaws • 4. muscular postanal tail • On larva/embryo

23. Fig. 34-3 Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Muscle segments Notochord Mouth Anus Pharyngeal slits or clefts Muscular, post-anal tail

24. Subphylum Urochordata - tunicates • Sea squirts • Chordate characteristics in larvae • Pharyngeal slits • Muscular tail, notochord, + dorsal tubular nerve cord • Adult - sessile on sea bottom • Loses tail, notochord, much of nervous system • Barrel shape • Tunic = protective covering, made of cellulose • Suspension feeders • Reproduce • Budding • Sexually - hermaphroditic

25. Fig. 34-5 Incurrent siphon to mouth Water flow Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Excurrent siphon Tail Excurrent siphon Excurrent siphon Atrium Muscle segments Incurrent siphon Pharynx with slits Intestine Anus Stomach Intestine Tunic Atrium Esophagus Pharynx with slits Stomach An adult tunicate A tunicate larva

26. Subphylum Cephalochordata – lancelets (amphioxus) • Translucent, fish-shaped • 5-10 cm long • Pointed both ends • Chordate characteristics • Notochord, pharyngeal slits, nerve cord • Filter feeder

27. Fig. 34-4 Cirri 2 cm Mouth Pharyngeal slits Atrium Notochord Digestive tract Atriopore Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Segmental muscles Anus Tail

28. Subphylum Vertebrata • Vertebral column – backbone • Skeletal axis of body • Develops around notochord • Usually – replaces notochord • Made of vertebrae (cartilage or bone segments) • Dorsal projections of vertebrae enclose nerve cord • Cranium – encloses + protects brain • Endoskeleton = cranium + vertebral column • Living – grows w/ animal • bone

29. Cephalization • 2 pair appendages – stability, locomotion • Closed circulatory system • Complete digestive tract • Endocrine glands – hormones • Sexes typically separate

30. Vertebrates Class Agnatha – jawless fishes • Hagfish, lampreys • No jaws or paired fins • Eel-shaped up to 1 m • smooth skin, no scales • Cartilaginous skeleton • Well-developed notochord • Many parasitic – circular sucking disk around mouth

31. Fig. 34-9 Slime glands

32. Fig. 34-10

33. VertebratesClass Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes • Sharks, rays, skates • Cartilage not replaced by bone • Paired jaws, 2 pair fins • Scales • Stay afloat? • No swim bladder • Swim – body shape + fins • Oil storage in liver • Most predatory • 5-7 pair gills • Sexes separate – internal fertilization

34. Fig. 34-15a Pelvic fins Pectoral fins (a) Blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus)

35. Fig. 34-15b (b) Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana)

36. Manta Ray

37. Shark Eating Seal

38. VertebratesClass Osteichthyes – bony fishes • Bony skeleton, many vertebrae – support, calcium storage • Body – overlapping bony scales • External fertilization • Stay afloat? • Swim bladder – air sac – helps regulate buoyancy • Holds up bones, muscles • Fish can hover w/o much effort

39. Fig. 34-17a (a) Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)

40. Fig. 34-17b (b) Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris)

41. Clownfish and Sea Anemone

42. Coral Reef

43. Fig. 34-17c (c) Sea horse (Hippocampus ramulosus)

44. Sea Horses

45. Fig. 34-17d (d) Fine-spotted moray eel (Gymnothorax dovii)

46. VertebratesClass Amphibia • Salamander, newt, frog, toad • Most live on land near water • Need water to reproduce • Metamorphosis • Larva to adult (frogs, toads) – tadpole • Lungs, moist skin – gas exchange • 3-chambered heart

47. Newt

48. Fig. 34-21 (a) Order Urodela (b) Order Anura (c) Order Apoda

49. Fig. 34-22 (a) Tadpole (b) During metamorphosis (c) Mating adults

50. Fig. 34-23