1 / 21

Consolidation of Latin America

Consolidation of Latin America. Chapter 25 Pg. 562-588. Question Slide. What hallmarks of Latin American society were established in 1450-1750? What traits are particularly European or un-European in Latin American society entering the era of Western Hegemony?

alain
Download Presentation

Consolidation of Latin America

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Consolidation of Latin America Chapter 25 Pg. 562-588

  2. Question Slide • What hallmarks of Latin American society were established in 1450-1750? • What traits are particularly European or un-European in Latin American society entering the era of Western Hegemony? • Why would the Bourbon & Pombal reforms of the 18th century contribute to revolution?

  3. From Colonies to Nations • Creoles & peasants resented heavy colonial gov • However, class distrust meant revolutions for independence only occurred after key European events • Latin American revolutions caused by common Atlantic revolutionary forces, plus four key events: • American Revolution • French Revolution • Haitian Revolution • Crisis of rule & legitimacy in Spain Causes of Political Change

  4. Spanish American Independence • Mexico • Started by Father Hidalgo but lost Creole support • Iturbide & creoles pickup revolutionary mantle, winning independence, but neglecting social reforms • northern South America • Simon Bolivar & creoles led long bloody wars to free much of region & create unified Gran Colombia • southern South America • San Martin & creoles led revolt capitalizing on resentment & calls for autonomy →Most: (1) create representational gov after flirting with monarchy, (2) creoles key to success

  5. Brazilian Independence • Achieved freedom differently despite commonalities • Growing economy strengthens middle-class demands • Napoleon’s invasion causes royalty to flee to Brazil • After Napoleon’s defeat royalty leaves, but Prince Pedro remains to gov Brazil • Quickly led short war for independence → did not upset existing social order

  6. New Nations Confront Problems • Political & class conflict undermined egalitarian ideals • Promoting Catholicism vs. not banning other faiths • Creole distrust of masses loyalty & readiness • Masses distrust of creoles • Fragmentation inevitable despite attempts at unions • Geographic barriers, economic competition, regional & political rivalries, poor infrastructure Political Fragmentation

  7. Caudillos, Politics, & the Church • Problems from heritage w/o common solutions • Caudillos & military commanders • Inspired loyalty of various groups via cults of personality • Contributed to instability by making power grabs • Political & religious tensions • federalists/liberals: decentralized secular gov, individualism (often led by urban bourgeoisie) • centralists/conservatives: centralized gov w/ heavy church influence, corporate groups (often led by urban bourgeoisie)

  8. Latin American Economies • Latin America sought clear diplomatic sovereignty from former colonial powers • Only Britain capable of assuring this (although Monroe Doctrine tried) • In exchange, Latin America opens to trade • Latin America borrows money to improve infrastructure & buys manufactured goods, while Britain trades for raw materials • Damages local industry & promotes dependence

  9. Mid-Century Stagnation • Wars for independence & poor infrastructure led to a stagnant economy in mid-1800s • As infrastructure of railroads & steamships improved, so too did export economy • Early liberal reforms were undermined by conservative opposition to vast change

  10. Economic Resurgence • Expansion of world economy led to expansion of Latin American economy →New round of liberal reforms seen as successes • Positivism applied to society as supported by foreign investors, rural landowners, urban merchants • Population boomed, Science created new demands for copper & rubber • High cost of development alienates peasants leading to distrust of “out of place” liberal ideas

  11. Mexico: Instability • Social problems, poverty, political tension remained • Santa Anna: despotic caudillo, father of politics • American manifest destiny challenged landholdings & caused Mexican-American War (lost 5% of population, 50% of land & economy potential) • Juarez: liberal reformer • Curtailed church & military, reformed land ownership, caused conservative response • Maximilian von Habsburg: foreign royal placed to rule Mexico • Resented due to foreign heritage & lack of legitimacy

  12. Argentina: Regional Divisions • Backwater nation except for Buenos Aires • Liberals sought education & finance reforms, while Caudillos sought gaucho (cowboy) support • Rosas, a caudillo, seized control focusing on gauchos & urban poor but focusing revenues in Buenos Aires • Liberals (Sarmiento) return to power bringing reforms

  13. Brazil: Façade of Stability • Stability from colonial traditions • Changes disrupt traditions & stability • Political tension b/t liberals & conservatives • Coffee transforms economy & intensifies slavery • Middle-class, immigration, & modernized plantations undermine slavery • Monarchy, stability, & peasant support wither with secularization and economic hardship

  14. Societies in Search of Themselves Cultural Expression • Elite art heavily influenced by Europe • From neoclassicism to romanticism (focusing on nationality & local customs) to realism (depicting human weakness critically) • Popular culture largely unaffected, vibrant, & adaptable

  15. Old Patterns of Gender & Class • Little changed in hierarchical, export-based society • Women subordinate in heavily patriarchal culture • Made some advances in education & “female” jobs • Racial divisions strong despite outlawing • Individual rights often sacrificed by liberal positivists for other reforms • Creoles dominated gov (merging with middle-class)

  16. Great Boom 1880-1920 • Rising demand in industrialized West led to economic boom at end of period in Latin Amer • Liberal promotion of limited gov created union of elites & middle-class at expense of peasants • High profits possible, but dependent on outside market conditions • Growth led to foreign investment which limited Latin Amer policy options w/ Europe

  17. Mexico & Argentina: Examples • Mexico: • Economy transformed using strong gov • Landowners & middle-class profit at expense of Indians & workers • However, ends as middle-class reform mushroom • Argentina: • Economic boom result of immigrants filling labor needs & fusing cultures • Buenos Aires position settled • However, radicals & socialists sought to reform oligarchy

  18. Uncle Sam Goes South • U.S. development following Civil War and interest in C. Amer canal promoted activity in region • Spanish-American War result of U.S. desire for raw materials in Cuba and Puerto Rico • Panama Canal built after U.S. backed a Panamanian separatist group • Latin America quickly grew leery of U.S. ventures in region

  19. Global Connections • Latin America followed Atlantic revolutionary trends, while running against current of European empire building • Historical systems & colonial legacies strong • Culturally & Politically: European • Economically: Tropical dependency • Serves as preview of decolonization in other parts of world

  20. Question Slide • In what ways is Brazil similar and different from Spanish America, like Mexico?

  21. Question Slide • What common problems arose throughout the period in a newly independent Latin America? • What problem do you think is most fundamental to the region’s issues? Why?

More Related